The only argument reader, rhetoric, research guide, and handbook that emphasizes style throughtout the text, Discovering Arguments presents the classical persuasive appeals throughout the text while exploring the contributions of Stephen Toulmin and Carl Rogers.
Table of Contents:
CHAPTER 1
COMMUNICATION AND PERSUASION: LOGOS, PATHOS, ETHOS
Noticing and Thinking
The process of thinking
The paradigm shift
Communicating Clearly and Effectively
Amy Wu, Stop the Clock
Specific evidence
Brian A. Courtney, Freedom from Choice
Writing an Opinion Essay
Finding your subject
Writing Persuasively
The Persuasive Appeals
Logos
Recognizing logos
S. I. Hayakawa, On Human Survival
Pathos
Recognizing pathos
Julia Kraus, If I Told You, Would You Want to Hear?
Rick Reilly, Making Up for Lost Time
Humor as pathos
Ethos
Recognizing ethos
John Edwards, A Trust Worth Winning
New York Times, Editorial, A Moment of Grace
Thesis Statements
Evaluating your thesis statement
Engaging Your Audience: Titles, Introductions, Conclusions
Features of good titles
Title strategies
Titles to avoid
Features of good introductions
Introductory strategies
Introductions to avoid
Features of good conclusions
Concluding strategies
Conclusions to avoid
How to Annotate
Vicki L. Wilson, My Smile Is Worth More Than Face Value
Ryan Grady Sample, Bigger, But Not Better
Guide for Evaluating Writing
A Note of Defining Grammar, Mechanics, and Usage
INTERCHAPTER 1
STYLE AND VOICE
Diction
Monosyllabic words
Multisyllabic words
Pretentious writing
Other Features of Diction
Specific or general
Concrete or abstract
Literal or figurative
Literal language
Figurative language
Avoid cliches
Precise words
Voice
The writing situation and voice
Tone
Analyzing attitude toward readers
Analyzing attitudes toward subject and self
Sentence Tools
Simple sentences
Joining complete thoughts: coordination
Using semicolons to join complete thoughts
Using semicolons with formal transition words
Solving Two Common Sentence Problems
Comma splices
Run-on sentences
CHAPTER 2
ARGUMENTS AND CONTROVERSIES
Critical Reading and Writing: Agree, Disagree or Maybe Both?
Deborah Tannen, How to Turn Debate into Dialogue
Reading Tools
Asking questions
Noticing insights
Noticing assumptions
Noticing overgeneralizations
ExploringTwo Essays on a Controversy
Analysis and evaluation of Mitch Albom’s essay
Mitch Albom, Don’t Shoot Holes in Gun Control Bills
Albom’s writing situation
Albom’s introduction
Noticing Albom’s insights, assumptions, and overgeneralizations
Responding to other arguments
Albom’s use of logos, pathos, and ethos
What is the solution?
Albom’s conclusion
Analysis and evaluation of Thomas Sowell’s essay
Thomas Sowell, Mass Shootings and Mass Hysteria
Two methods for analyzing an essay: outlining and summarizing
Outline of Sowell’s essay
Summary of Sowell’s essay
Sowell’s writing situation
Sowell’s introduction
Noticing Sowell’s insights, assumptions, and overgeneralizations
Responding to other arguments
Sowell’s use of logos, pathos, and ethos
What is the solution?
Sowell’s conclusion
Albom and Sowell: What Do You Conclude?
Mike Gallagher, Preventing Another Massacre
Hillary Hylton, The Gun Lobby’s Counterattack
Guns and More Guns, Editorial, New York Times
Kinds of Evidence for Arguing: Examples, Reasons, Authorities, Statistics
Using examples
Illustration
Using reasons
Using authorities
Using statistics
Writing an Essay about a Local Issue
Writing a Report to Explore an Argument
FiveEssays on Controversial Issues for a Report
Women in Combat
Kathleen Parker, Children Last
Video Games and Violence
Rebecca Hagelin, Video Game Violence and Our Sons
Global Climate Change
Ellen Goodman, No Change in Political Climate
Health Care for All Children
Bob Herbert, The Divide in Caring for Our Kids
Capital Punishment
Leonard Pitts Jr., Expedience No Reason to Kill a Man
Writing an Essay with Sources about a Controversy
Organizing an essay about a controversy
Present the other side first
Rogerian argument
Ending your essay
Student model essay
Readings on Controversial Issues: Three Case Studies
Drinking Age
Barbara Kantrowitz and Anne Underwood, The Teen Drinking DilemmaRobert Voas, There's No Benefit to Lowering the Drinking AgeJohn J. Miller, The Case Against 21Choose Responsibility, Education
Cheating for Success
Michael Josephson and Melissa Mertz, From Honor Above All
ABCNEWS, A Cheating Crisis in America's Schools
ABCNEWS, An Educator’s Worst Nightmare
Joe Smith, Mark Pogge, Jane Doe, Student Comments on the Ethics of Cheating
Charlotte Allen, Their Cheatin' Hearts
Same-Sex Marriage
Patricia Bertuccio, Coming Out: Parents Learn True Meaning of Family after Both Son and Daughter Announce They Are Gay
Evan Wolfson, Marriage Makes a Word of Difference
Ben Shapiro, The Homosexual Assault On Traditional MarriageCal Thomas, Dearly Beloved
Gregory Gadow, WashingtonDefense of Marriage Alliance: I-957 The Defense of Marriage Initiative
Venice Buhain, Lacey Woman Shares Tale of Denial at Bedside of Her Dying PartnerMaggie Gallagher, The Message of SameSex Marriage
INTERCHAPTER 2
VOICE AND EMPHASIS
Diction and Repetition
Repeating words for emphasis
Alliteration
Sentence Tools
Joining complete and incomplete thoughts: subordination
Colons and dashes and voice
Colons
Dashes
Using double dashes
Italics (Underlining) and Voice
Parentheses and voice
Fine-tuning Sentences
Sentence fragments: pros and cons
Conciseness
Omit needless words I
Omit needless words II
CHAPTER 3
STRATEGIES OF ARGUMENTATION
Using Opposites
Using Contradictions and Paradoxes
Contradictions
Paradoxes
Paradox and tolerance for ambiguity
Either/or thinking
Flip it
The wisdom of opposites
Using Comparison
Organizing comparison: block and alternate patterns
Using Refutation
Using Induction and Deduction
Induction
Deduction
Using Narration and Description
Narration
Description
Using analogy
Explaining the mind
Using Classification
Using Cause and Effect
Using Humor
Humorous tone
Rick Reilly, Swearing Off Swearing
Humor as Satire
Dave Barry, Taking the Manly Way Out
Using Definition
Digging for roots of words
Exploring an Essay
David Gessner, A Feeling of Wildness
Connie Schultz, Here’s a Little Tip about Gratuities
Rick Reilly, What Money Can't Buy
INTERCHAPTER 3
STRATEGIES OF REPETITION
Sentence Tools
Parallelism
Anaphora
Epistrophe
The Power of Threes in Sentences
Susan Ager, Baby, Baby, Baby, 3 Has Its Charms
Using threes in sentences: rising order or not
Varying Sentence Beginnings: Three Ways
Using -ing phrases
Misusing -ing Phrases: Dangling Modifiers
Using -ed or -en phrases
Using To phrases
CHAPTER 4
THE TOULMIN METHOD AND PROBLEMS IN REASONING
Using the Toulmin Strategy to Argue
Kinds of arguments–kinds of claims
Laws and policies
Reality, facts
Values, morals, taste
Warrants
Stating the warrant
Exploring an Essay Using the Toulmin Method
Roald Hoffman, The Tense Middle
Hoffman’s claim
Hoffman’s grounds
Hoffman’s warrant
Hoffman’s backing
Rebuttal of Hoffman’s claim, grounds, and warrant
Essays to Explore with the Toulmin Method
Caitlin Petre, The Lessons I Didn't Learn in College
Alice Waters, Eating for Credit
Dave Eggers, Serve or Fail
Problems in Reasoning
Finding the Facts
Implications, Assumptions, and Inferences
Implications
Assumptions
Inferences
Fallacies
Problems of Insufficient Evidence
Overgeneralizing
John Gray, Wallets and Purses
Card stacking
Ad ignorantium
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Problems Based on Irrelevant Information
Ad Baculum
Ad hominem
Fallacy of opposition
Genetic fallacy
Guilt by association
Ad misericordiam
Ad populum
Bandwagon
Plain folks and snob appeal
Ad verecundiam
Red herring
Weak opponent
Tu quoque
Oversimplification
Problems of Ambiguity
Amphibole
Begging the question
Equivocation
Loaded language
False analogy
Problems of Faulty Reasoning
False dilemma (either/or thinking)
Non sequitur
Rationalization
Reductio ad absurdum
Slippery slope
Reading and Writing Activities
INTERCHAPTER 4
STYLE AND OPPOSITES
Sentence Tools
Antithesis
Antithesis and balanced sentences
Loose and periodic sentences
Fine-tuning Sentences
False starts
Active and passive verbs
CHAPTER 5
VISUAL ARGUMENTS
Photographs
News photographs
Feature Photography
Staged images
Documentary photographs
Fotolog
Student Essays Exploring Photographs
Like a Photograph, a Painting
Advertisements
Commercial ads
Ads for social causes
Student essays exploring advertisements
Cartoons
Cartoons and creativity
Creativity and humor
Serious cartoons
Kathleen Parker, Happy Father's Day, Jerk
Editorial cartoons
Student essays exploring cartoons
Film
Writing about a film
Organizing your film review
Before you do research
Finding and synthesizing sources
Student film reviews
INTERCHAPTER 5
ANALYZING STYLE
Presenting Yourself in E-Mail
Tools of Style
Exploring the Style of a Passage
Exploring the Style of an Essay or a Speech
Rick Reilly, The Swooshification of the World
Essays for Exploration
Ellen Goodman, The Abiding Legacy of My Mother–the Listener
Dave Barry, Growing Old with Dave
Martin Luther King Jr., I Have a Dream
CHAPTER 6
CRITICAL THINKING ABOUT POETRY, FICTION, AND
LITERARY NONFICTION
Reading and Writing about Poetry
Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz
The language of poetry
Emily Dickinson, A narrow Fellow in the Grass
Elements of poetry
Diction
Imagery
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Figures of speech: metaphors, similes, and symbols
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
Tone
Speaker
Sound patterns
Structure
Line breaks
Reading Notebook
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Writing an Essay about a Poem
Student Essay Exploring a Poem
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Poems to Consider for Writing an Essay
Mary Oliver, The Summer Day
Ted Kooser, Student
Marge Piercy, To Be of Use
Paula Sergi, Vocations Club
Bruce Weigl, May
James Wright, A Blessing
Lucille Clifton, homage to my hips
W. S. Merwin, Yesterday
Reading and Writing about Fiction
Stuart Dybek, Lights
Stuart Dybek, Maroon
Anne Caston, Flying Out with the Wounded
Elements of fiction
Plot and conflict
Character
Point of view
Setting
Moral issues
Writing an Essay about a Story
Stories to Consider for Writing an Essay
Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics
Bonnie Jo Campbell, Shotgun Wedding
Will Weaver, The Undeclared Major
Reading and Writing about Literary Nonfiction
Richard Selzer, Brute
Writing about a Literary Nonfiction Essay
Naomi Shihab Nye, Field Trip
Annie Dillard, Living Like Weasels
CHAPTER 7
LIBRARY STRATEGIES
Research Writing Options
The report
The argument paper
Modern Research
Start in the Library
Preliminary reading
Locating your research question
Strategy One: Finding Background Material
General encyclopedias
Specialized encyclopedias
The Growth Phenomenon: A Research Problem
Critical thinking in a research notebook
Keeping Notes
Strategy Two: Looking for Books
The library catalog
Online databases for book lists
Strategy Three: Looking for Articles
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature
Newspaper online archives
Searching databases
To use popular sources or not
Divide your work into steps or phases
Look for the most recent sources first
Professional, technical, and specialty journals
Strategy Four: Looking for Specialized Information
Government documents, statistics, reports
Biographical sources
Book reviews
Strategy Five: Using Electronic Sources and Microform Readers
Microform Readers
Strategy Six: Using Interviews
CHAPTER 8
EVALUATING EVIDENCE
The Wikipedia Dilemma
Scott Jaschik, A Stand Against Wikipedia
T. Mills Kelly, Why I Won’t Get Hired at Middlebury
Research and the Internet
What Is a Reliable Site?
Evaluating Web sites
Criteria for Web sites
Who Is the Author?
Identifying authors
Watch Out for False Authorities
Authority
Questionable Ethos
Daniel Carlat, Generic Smear Campaign
Reliable Information: On the Web and Off
Context
Timely data
Documentation and credibility
Hoaxes and frauds
Understanding Evidence
Claim
Persuasion
Questioning evidence
primary and secondary evidence
The weight of evidence
Magazines and journals
What are professional journals?
Researchers’ rule
“Best” sources of evidence
Remaining impartial
Information without Attribution
Evaluating statistical data
Going Beyond the Information Given
Nicholas D. Kristof, Save the Darfur Puppy
Exploring an Article by Doing Research from It
Lori Aratani, Teens Can Multitask, But What Are Costs?
Daniel Goleman, Flame First, Think Later: New Clues to E-Mail Misbehavior
Gardiner Harris, F.D.A. Dismisses Medical Benefit From Marijuana
CHAPTER 9
DOCUMENTATION
Using Sources
Citing information from sources
Using Direct Quotes
How to cite long quotes
Using an ellipsis mark to indicate omission of words
Using brackets to add your own words in a quote
Using “sic” to indicate errors in quotes
When it is appropriate to use direct quotes
Using signal phrases with direct quotes
Plagiarism, Summarizing and Paraphrasing
Leonard Pitts Jr., Chris Cecil, Plagiarism Gets You Fired
Common knowledge
MLA Style: InText Rules
Using author’s name and signal phrase
Using author’s name in parentheses
Using sources with two or three authors
Using sources with for four or more authors
Using a committee or group author
Using authors with the same last name
Using an unknown author
Using a source quoted in another source
Using shortened titles
Using a web source with no page numbers
Using a source that is one page
Citing page numbers
Using works with numbered sections or lines
Using publishers’ names
Using copyright date
Using content notes
Basic Work Cited Model, Book (MLA)
Basic Work Cited Model, Periodical (MLA)
Books: MLA Works Cited Models
One author
More than one book by same author
Author of one book, coauthor of another
Committee or group author
Book with editor(s)
Article or chapter in an edited work
Translation
Multi-volume work
Reprint of older work
Publisher imprint
Edition
Introduction, preface, foreword
Bible, sacred works
Dictionary
Specialized encyclopedia
Periodicals: MLA Works Cited Models
Weekly magazine article
Magazine article, no author given
Monthly magazine article
Newspaper article
Newspaper article, unsigned
Editorial
Letter to the editor in magazine or newspaper
Book review
Film review
Music review
Journal article, each issue starting with page 1
Journal article, pages numbered continuously throughout year
Titles and quotes within titles
Other Sources: MLA Works Cited Models
Handout or unpublished essay
Lecture, speech, public address
Film
Video recording: television or film
Play, performance
Musical performance
Musical composition
Musical recording
Individual selection from a recording
Television show
Work of art
Poem published separately
Poem in a collection
Letter, personal
Letter(s), published
Personal interview
Telephone interview
Published interview
A chart, diagram, map, or table
A cartoon
An advertisement
Electronic Sources: MLA Works Cited Models
Article from an online magazine
Article from an online newspaper
Article from an online journal
An entire web site
Chapter or section from a web site
Article from a web site
E-Mail
Online book
Part of an online book
Online government publication
CD-ROM
Work from an online database
Weblog site
Weblog entry
APA Style: Name and Date Method of Documentation
Guidelines for References in Your Text: APA Style
Using author’s name
Using sources with two authors
Using sources with three to five authors
Using sources with six or more authors
Using an unknown author
Using a committee or group with a long name
Using two authors with same last name
Using same author, same year
Using multiple references
Using a source quoted in another source
Using a long quote
References List in APA Style
Basic Reference Form, Book (APA)
Basic Reference Form, Periodicals (APA)
Books: Reference List Models, APA Style
One author
More than one book by same author
Author of one book, coauthor of another
Two or more authors
Committee or group author
Book with editor(s)
Article or chapter in an edited work
Translation
Multivolume work
Reprint of older work
Edition other than the first
Introduction, preface, foreword
Dictionary
Periodicals: Reference List Models, APA Style
Weekly magazine article
Magazine article, no author given
Monthly magazine article
Newspaper article
Newspaper article, unsigned
Editorial, signed and unsigned
Letter to the editor
Book review
Film review
Music review
Journal article, each issue starting with page 1
Journal article, pages numbered continuously throughout year
Other Sources:Reference List Models, APA Style
Lecture, speech, public address
Motion picture: film, video, or DVD
Television broadcast
Play, performance
Individual selection from a recording
Work of art
A chart, diagram, map, or table
Electronic Sources: Reference List Models, APA Style
Internet articles based on a print source
Article from a journal, print source
Article from an online journal, no print source
Article from a magazine
Article from an online newspaper
Online book
Online government publication
Work from an online database
Weblog entry
CHAPTER 10
WRITING YOUR RESEARCH PAPER
Researchers as Writers
Writing a Report
A model report
Organizing informational reports
Writing an Argument Paper
Shaping your thesis
Discovering order
Working through your project
Understanding audience
Controlling your voice
Taking your time
Substantiating your data
The Formal Outline
Revising the preliminary outline
The Formal Outline Model
The Abstract
Using What You Have Learned in Earlier Chapters
Works Cited or References
The bibliography rule
A Model Argument Paper
MLA Guidelines for Manuscript Format
APA Guidelines for Manuscript Format
Model Research Paper Using APA Style
A CONCISE HANDBOOK ON GRAMMAR, MECHANICS, AND USAGE
Sentences
Punctuation
Mechanics
Glossary of Usage
CREDITS
INDEX
