About the Book
The Practical, Step-by-Step Guide to Using LLMs at Scale in Projects and Products
Large Language Models (LLMs) like Llama 3, Claude 3, and the GPT family are demonstrating breathtaking capabilities, but their size and complexity have deterred many practitioners from applying them. In Quick Start Guide to Large Language Models, Second Edition, pioneering data scientist and AI entrepreneur Sinan Ozdemir clears away those obstacles and provides a guide to working with, integrating, and deploying LLMs to solve practical problems.
Ozdemir brings together all you need to get started, even if you have no direct experience with LLMs: step-by-step instructions, best practices, real-world case studies, and hands-on exercises. Along the way, he shares insights into LLMs' inner workings to help you optimize model choice, data formats, prompting, fine-tuning, performance, and much more. The resources on the companion website include sample datasets and up-to-date code for working with open- and closed-source LLMs such as those from OpenAI (GPT-4 and GPT-3.5), Google (BERT, T5, and Gemini), X (Grok), Anthropic (the Claude family), Cohere (the Command family), and Meta (BART and the LLaMA family).
Learn key concepts: pre-training, transfer learning, fine-tuning, attention, embeddings, tokenization, and more
Use APIs and Python to fine-tune and customize LLMs for your requirements
Build a complete neural/semantic information retrieval system and attach to conversational LLMs for building retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) chatbots and AI Agents
Master advanced prompt engineering techniques like output structuring, chain-of-thought prompting, and semantic few-shot prompting
Customize LLM embeddings to build a complete recommendation engine from scratch with user data that outperforms out-of-the-box embeddings from OpenAI
Construct and fine-tune multimodal Transformer architectures from scratch using open-source LLMs and large visual datasets
Align LLMs using Reinforcement Learning from Human and AI Feedback (RLHF/RLAIF) to build conversational agents from open models like Llama 3 and FLAN-T5
Deploy prompts and custom fine-tuned LLMs to the cloud with scalability and evaluation pipelines in mind
Diagnose and optimize LLMs for speed, memory, and performance with quantization, probing, benchmarking, and evaluation frameworks
"A refreshing and inspiring resource. Jam-packed with practical guidance and clear explanations that leave you smarter about this incredible new field."
--Pete Huang, author of The Neuron
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Table of Contents:
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xix
About the Author xxi
Part I: Introduction to Large Language Models 1
Chapter 1: Overview of Large Language Models 3
What Are Large Language Models? 4
Popular Modern LLMs 7
Applications of LLMs 25
Summary 31
Chapter 2: Semantic Search with LLMs 33
Introduction 33
The Task 34
Solution Overview 36
The Components 37
Putting It All Together 53
The Cost of Closed-Source Components 57
Summary 58
Chapter 3: First Steps with Prompt Engineering 59
Introduction 59
Prompt Engineering 59
Working with Prompts Across Models 70
Summary 74
Chapter 4: The AI Ecosystem: Putting the Pieces Together 75
Introduction 75
The Ever-Shifting Performance of Closed-Source AI 76
AI Reasoning versus Thinking 77
Case Study 1: Retrieval Augmented Generation 79
Case Study 2: Automated AI Agents 87
Conclusion 93
Part II: Getting the Most Out of LLMs 95
Chapter 5: Optimizing LLMs with Customized Fine-Tuning 97
Introduction 97
Transfer Learning and Fine-Tuning: A Primer 99
A Look at the OpenAI Fine-Tuning API 102
Preparing Custom Examples with the OpenAI CLI 104
Setting Up the OpenAI CLI 108
Our First Fine-Tuned LLM 109
Summary 119
Chapter 6: Advanced Prompt Engineering 121
Introduction 121
Prompt Injection Attacks 121
Input/Output Validation 123
Batch Prompting 126
Prompt Chaining 128
Case Study: How Good at Math Is AI? 135
Summary 145
Chapter 7: Customizing Embeddings and Model Architectures 147
Introduction 147
Case Study: Building a Recommendation System 148
Summary 166
Chapter 8: AI Alignment: First Principles 167
Introduction 167
Aligned to Whom and to What End? 167
Alignment as a Bias Mitigator 173
The Pillars of Alignment 176
Constitutional AI: A Step Toward Self-Alignment 195
Conclusion 198
Part III: Advanced LLM Usage 199
Chapter 9: Moving Beyond Foundation Models 201
Introduction 201
Case Study: Visual Q/A 201
Case Study: Reinforcement Learning from Feedback 218
Summary 228
Chapter 10: Advanced Open-Source LLM Fine-Tuning 229
Introduction 229
Example: Anime Genre Multilabel Classification with BERT 230
Example: LaTeX Generation with GPT2 244
Sinan's Attempt at Wise Yet Engaging Responses: SAWYER 248
Summary 271
Chapter 11: Moving LLMs into Production 275
Introduction 275
Deploying Closed-Source LLMs to Production 275
Deploying Open-Source LLMs to Production 276
Summary 297
Chapter 12: Evaluating LLMs 299
Introduction 299
Evaluating Generative Tasks 300
Evaluating Understanding Tasks 317
Conclusion 328
Keep Going! 329
Part IV: Appendices 331
Appendix A: LLM FAQs 333
Appendix B: LLM Glossary 339
Appendix C: LLM Application Archetypes 345
Index 349
About the Author :
Sinan Ozdemir is currently the founder and CTO of LoopGenius and an advisor to several AI companies. Sinan is a former lecturer of Data Science at Johns Hopkins University and the author of multiple textbooks on data science and machine learning. Additionally, he is the founder of the recently acquired Kylie.ai, an enterprise-grade conversational AI platform with RPA capabilities. He holds a master's degree in Pure Mathematics from Johns Hopkins University and is based in San Francisco, CA.
Review :
"By balancing the potential of both open- and closed-source models, Quick Start Guide to Large Language Models stands as a comprehensive guide to understanding and using LLMs, bridging the gap between theoretical concepts and practical application."
--Giada Pistilli, Principal Ethicist at Hugging Face
"When it comes to building large language models (LLMs), it can be a daunting task to find comprehensive resources that cover all the essential aspects. However, my search for such a resource recently came to an end when I discovered this book.
"One of the stand-out features of Sinan is his ability to present complex concepts in a straightforward manner. The author has done an outstanding job of breaking down intricate ideas and algorithms, ensuring that readers can grasp them without feeling overwhelmed. Each topic is carefully explained, building upon examples that serve as stepping stones for better understanding. This approach greatly enhances the learning experience, making even the most intricate aspects of LLM development accessible to readers of varying skill levels.
"Another strength of this book is the abundance of code resources. The inclusion of practical examples and code snippets is a game-changer for anyone who wants to experiment and apply the concepts they learn. These code resources provide readers with hands-on experience, allowing them to test and refine their understanding. This is an invaluable asset, as it fosters a deeper comprehension of the material and enables readers to truly engage with the content.
"In conclusion, this book is a rare find for anyone interested in building LLMs. Its exceptional quality of explanation, clear and concise writing style, abundant code resources, and comprehensive coverage of all essential aspects make it an indispensable resource. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced practitioner, this book will undoubtedly elevate your understanding and practical skills in LLM development. I highly recommend Quick Start Guide to Large Language Models to anyone looking to embark on the exciting journey of building LLM applications."
--Pedro Marcelino, Machine Learning Engineer, Co-Founder and CEO @overfit.study
"Ozdemir's book cuts through the noise to help readers understand where the LLM revolution has come from--and where it is going. Ozdemir breaks down complex topics into practical explanations and easy-to-follow code examples."
--Shelia Gulati, Former GM at Microsoft and current Managing Director of Tola Capital
