IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6(Fundamentals)

Organizations are increasingly transitioning to IPv6, the next generation protocol for defining how devices of all kinds communicate over networks. Now fully updated, IPv6 Fundamentals offers a thorough, friendly, and easy-to-understand introduction to the knowledge and skills you need to deploy and operate IPv6 networks. Leading networking instructor Rick Graziani explains all the basics simply and clearly, step-by-step, providing all the details you’ll need to succeed. You’ll learn why IPv6 is necessary, how it was created, how it works, and how it has become the protocol of choice in environments ranging from cloud to mobile and IoT. Graziani thoroughly introduces IPv6 addressing, configuration options, and routing protocols, including EIGRP for IPv6, and OSPFv3 (traditional configuration and with address families). Building on this coverage, he then includes more in-depth information involving these protocols and processes. This edition contains a completely revamped discussion of deploying IPv6 in your network, including IPv6/IPv4 integration, dynamic address allocation, and understanding IPv6 from the perspective of the network and host. You’ll also find improved coverage of key topics such as Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC), DHCPv6, and the advantages of the solicited node multicast address. Throughout, Graziani presents command syntax for Cisco IOS, Windows, Linux, and Mac OS, as well as many examples, diagrams, configuration tips, and updated links to white papers and official RFCs for even deeper understanding. Learn how IPv6 supports modern networks encompassing the cloud, mobile, IoT, and gaming devices  Compare IPv6 with IPv4 to see what has changed and what hasn’t  Understand and represent IPv6 addresses for unicast, multicast, and anycast environments  Master all facets of dynamic IPv6 address allocation with SLAAC, stateless DHCPv6, and stateful DHCPv6  Understand all the features of deploying IPv6 addresses in the network including temporary addresses and the privacy extension  Improve operations by leveraging major enhancements built into ICMPv6 and ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol  Configure IPv6 addressing and Access Control Lists using a common topology  Implement routing of IPv6 packets via static routing, EIGRP for IPv6, and OSPFv3  Walk step-by-step through deploying IPv6 in existing networks, and coexisting with or transitioning from IPv4

Table of Contents:
Introduction xxv Part I Introduction to IPv6 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to IPv6 3     IPv6 Is Here 3         Why Transition to IPv6? 5     IPv4 8         IPv4 Address Depletion 8         CIDR 11         NAT with Private Addresses 13     What About IPv5? 19     The Fascinating History of IPv6 19         Some Background 20         IPv4 Address Exhaustion and the Need for More International         Involvement 21         A Call for Proposals 22         A More IP Version of IPv6 23     IPv6: More Than Just Longer Addresses 24     IPv6 Myths 25     Transitioning to IPv6 26     Summary 28     Review Questions 28     References 29         Endnotes 29         RFCs 29         Websites 31 Chapter 2 IPv6 Primer 33     Hexadecimal Number System 34     IPv6 Address Types 37         Global Unicast Address (GUA) 37         Link-Local Unicast Address 37         Unspecified Address 38         Solicited-Node Multicast Address 38     Address Terminology 41     ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) 41         Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA) Messages 42         Router Solicitation (RS) and Router Advertisement (RA) Messages 42     Dynamic Address Allocation 43     Summary 45     Review Questions 46         References 48         RFCs 48 Chapter 3 Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 49     Comparing the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers 49         The IPv4 and IPv6 Version Fields 51         IPv4 Internet Header Length (IHL) Field 51         IPv4 Type of Service (ToS) and IPv6 Traffic Class Fields 52         IPv6 Flow Label Field 54         IPv4 Total Length Field, IPv6 Payload Length Field, and IPv6 Jumbograms 54         IPv4 and IPv6 MTUs 56         IPv4 Fragmentation 57         IPv6 Fragmentation: IPv6 Source Only 58         IPv4 Protocol and IPv6 Next Header Fields 59         IPv4 Time to Live (TTL) and IPv6 Hop Limit Fields 62         Checksums: IPv4, TCP, and UDP 63         IPv4 and IPv6 Source Address and Destination Address Fields 65         IPv4 Options and Padding Fields, IPv6 Fixed Length 65     IPv6 over Ethernet 66     Packet Analysis Using Wireshark 66     Extension Headers 69         Hop-by-Hop Options Extension Header 72         Routing Extension Header 74         Fragment Extension Header 76         IPsec: AH and ESP Extension Headers 77         Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Extension Header 79         Authentication Header (AH) Extension Header 81         Destination Options Extension Header 82         No Next Header 84     Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 at a Glance 84     Summary 86     Review Questions 86     References 86         RFCs 86         Websites 87 Part II IPv6 Addresses 89 Chapter 4 IPv6 Address Representation and Address Types 91     Representation of IPv6 Addresses 91         Rule 1: Omit Leading 0s 93         Rule 2: Omit All-0s Hextets 95         Combining Rule 1 and Rule 2 96     Prefix Length Notation 98     IPv6 Address Types 99         IPv6 Address Space 100     Unicast Addresses 103         Global Unicast Address 104         Link-Local Unicast Address 106         Loopback Addresses 109         Unspecified Addresses 109         Unique Local Addresses 110         IPv4 Embedded Address 114     Multicast Addresses 115     Anycast Addresses 118     Summary 119     Review Questions 121     References 122         Endnote 122         RFCs 122         Websites 123         Book 123 Chapter 5 Global Unicast Address 125     Structure of a Global Unicast Address 126         Global Routing Prefix 128         Subnet ID 129         Interface ID 129     Manual Configuration of a Global Unicast Address 130         Manual GUA Configuration for Cisco IOS 131         Manual GUA Configuration with EUI-64 for Cisco IOS 135         Manual GUA Configuration with IPv6 Unnumbered for Cisco IOS 137         Manual GUA Configuration for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS 137         Implementing Static Routing and Verifying Connectivity with Ping 141     Recognizing the Parts of a GUA Address and the 3—1—4 Rule 142         Examining Other Prefix Lengths 144     Subnetting IPv6 145         Extending the Subnet Prefix 148         Subnetting on a Nibble Boundary 149         Subnetting Within a Nibble 150         Subnetting /127 Point-to-Point Links 151         ipv6gen: An IPv6 Subnetting Tool 155     Prefix Allocation 156         Provider-Aggregatable (PA) and Provider-Independent (PI) Address         Space 158     General Prefix Option 160     Dynamic Addressing Methods with SLAAC and DHCPv6 162     Summary 162     Review Questions 163     References 164         Endnote 164         RFCs 164         Websites 165 Chapter 6 Link-Local Unicast Address 167     Structure of a Link-Local Unicast Address 169     Automatic Configuration of a Link-Local Address 170         EUI-64 Generated Interface ID 170         Randomly Generated Interface ID 175     Manual Configuration of a Link-Local Address 179     Link-Local Address and Duplicate Address Detection 182     Link-Local Addresses and Default Gateways 183     ipv6 enable: Isolated Link-Local Address 184     Pinging a Link-Local Address 186     Summary 189     Review Questions 190     References 191         RFCs 191 Chapter 7 Multicast Addresses 193     Scope 195         Multicast with Link-Local Scope Versus Link-Local Unicast         Addresses 197     Well-Known Multicast Addresses 198     Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 202         Mapping Unicast Address to Solicited-Node Multicast Address 204         Mapping to the Ethernet MAC Address 206         Verifying the Address Mappings on Cisco IOS, Windows, and Linux 210         Multiple Devices Using the Same Solicited-Node Multicast Address 212         One Solicited-Node Multicast Address for Multiple Unicast         Addresses 214     Multicast Listener Discovery 216         MLD Snooping 220     Summary 221     Review Questions 222     References 222         RFCs 222         Websites, Videos, and Books 223 Part III Dynamic IPv6 Addressing 225 Chapter 8 Basics of Dynamic Addressing in IPv6 227     Dynamic IPv4 Address Allocation: DHCPv4 227     Dynamic IPv6 Address Allocation 229         ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages 230         Router Advertisement Methods and the A, O, and M Flags 233         Method 1: Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) 235         Method 2: SLAAC with Stateless DHCPv6 237         Method 3: Stateful DHCPv6 238     DHCPv6 Services 240         DHCPv6 Terminology and Message Types 241         DHCPv6 Communications 245     Summary 248     Review Questions 249     References 250         RFCs 250         Website 250 Chapter 9 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) 251     The RA Message and SLAAC 252         On-Link Determination 258     Generating an Interface ID 260         Generating the Interface ID Using the EUI-64 Process 261         Privacy Extension for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 266         Privacy Extension and Generating Randomized Interface IDs 267         Privacy Extension and Temporary Addresses 268     Autoconfigured Address States and Lifetimes 270         Example: Autoconfigured Address States and Lifetimes 272     Router Advertisement Fields and Options 279         Examining the Router Advertisement with Wireshark 279         Modifying the Valid Lifetime and Preferred Lifetime in the RA         Message 282         Including the DNS Address in the Router Advertisement 282         Router Advertisement Configuration Options 284     Default Address Selection 288     Configuring the Router’s Interface as a SLAAC Client 290     Summary 290     Review Questions 292     References 294         RFCs 294         Websites 295         Other 295 Chapter 10 Stateless DHCPv6 297     SLAAC with Stateless DHCPv6 298     Implementing Stateless DHCPv6 300         Configuring the RA Message’s Other Configuration Flag 300         Configuring a Router as a Stateless DHCPv6 Server 303         Verifying Stateless DHCPv6 on a Windows Client 304         Verifying the Router as a Stateless DHCPv6 Server 305     DHCPv6 Options 306         rapid-commit Option 306         Relay Agent Communications 308     Summary 312     Review Questions 313     References 314         RFCs 314         Websites 314 Chapter 11 Stateful DHCPv6 315     Stateful DHCPv6 Messages and Process 316     Implementing Stateful DHCPv6 317         Configuring the RA Message M Flag and A Flag 318         Configuring a Router as a Stateful DHCPv6 Server 323         Verifying Stateful DHCPv6 on a Windows Client 326         Verifying the Router as a Stateful DHCPv6 Server 327         DHCPv6 Options 329     IPv6 Prefix Delegation Options for DHCPv6 329         Sample Configuration: Prefix Delegation with DHCPv6 331     Summary 340     Review Questions 341     References 343         RFCs 343         Websites 343 Part IV ICMPv6 and ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery 345 Chapter 12 ICMPv6 347     General Message Format 348     ICMP Error Messages 352         Destination Unreachable 352         Packet Too Big 355         Time Exceeded 357         Parameter Problem 360     ICMP Informational Messages 361         Echo Request and Echo Reply 361     Summary 368     Review Questions 369     References 371         RFCs 371 Chapter 13 ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery 373     Neighbor Discovery Options 374     Default Router and Prefix Determination 375         Router Solicitation Message 375         Router Advertisement Message 378     Address Resolution 384         The Address Resolution Process 385         Characteristics of the Neighbor Solicitation Message 388         Format of the Neighbor Solicitation Message 391         Format of the Neighbor Advertisement Message 393     Neighbor Cache 396         Destination Cache 401     Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) 402     Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) 404     Redirect Message 405     Summary 407     Review Questions 408     References 411         RFCs 411 Part V Routing IPv6 413 Chapter 14 IPv6 Routing Table and Static Routes 415     Configuring a Router as an IPv6 Router 416     Understanding the IPv6 Routing Table 418         Codes: NDp and ND 420         Code: Connected 422         Code: Local 423     Configuring IPv6 Static Routes 424         Static Routes with a GUA Next-Hop Address 426         Static Routes with a Link-Local Next-Hop Address 427         Static Routes with Only an Exit Interface 428         Default Static Routes with Link-Local Next-Hop Addresses 429     Verifying IPv6 Static Routes 430     Summarizing IPv6 Routes 433         IPv6 Summary Static Route 435     CEF for IPv6 436     Summary 438     Review Questions 439     References 441         RFCs 441         Websites 441         Books 441 Chapter 15 EIGRP for IPv6 443     Comparing EIGRPv4 and EIGRPv6 444     Classic EIGRP for IPv6 446         Configuring Classic EIGRP for IPv6 447         Verifying Classic EIGRP for IPv6 450     EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 456         Configuring EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 457         Verifying EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 464         Comparing EIGRP Named Mode for IPv4 and IPv6 468     Summary 470     Review Questions 472     References 473     RFC 473         Websites 473         Books 473 Chapter 16 OSPFv3 475     Comparing OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 476     Traditional OSPFv3 479         Configuring Traditional OSPFv3 480         Verifying Traditional OSPFv3 485     OSPFv3 with Address Families 492         Configuring OSPFv3 with AF 493         Verifying OSPFv3 with AF 499         Configuring OSPFv3 for an IPv4 Island 507     Summary 509     Review Questions 511     References 513         RFCs 513         Websites 513         Books 513 Part VI Implementing IPv6 515 Chapter 17 Deploying IPv6 in the Network 517     IPv6 Address Plan Considerations 518         Encoding Information in the Subnet ID 521         VLAN-Mapped Subnet ID 523         IPv6 Address Plans 524     IPv6 VLANs 525     IPv6 First Hop Redundancy Protocols 529         ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery 530         HSRP and VRRP 533         GLBP 534         Selecting an FHRP 536     Dual Stack 536         IPv6 Address Format in URL Syntax 538     DNS 539         DNS Query and Response 543         Happy Eyeballs 545     IPv6 Access Control Lists 546         Configuring IPv6 ACLs 546     Transition Technologies 550         Translation with NAT64 551         Other Translation Techniques 559     Tunneling IPv6 560     Conclusion 566     Summary 566     Review Questions 568     References 570         RFCs 570         Websites 571 Appendixes Appendix A Configuring NAT64 and IPv6 Tunnels 573 Appendix B IPv6 Command Quick Reference 601 Appendix C Answers to Review Questions 615 9781587144776, TOC, 5/10/2017

About the Author :
Rick Graziani has been an instructor of computer networking and computer science courses at Cabrillo College in Aptos, California since 1994. Rick also teaches networking courses in the Computer Engineering department at the University of California, Santa Cruz and is on the Curriculum Engineering team for Cisco Networking Academy. Prior to teaching, he worked in the information technology field for Santa Cruz Operation, Tandem Computers, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, and served five years in the U.S. Coast Guard. When he is not working, he is most likely surfing at one of his favorite Santa Cruz surf breaks or hanging out with his dog, Luigi. You are welcome to use his instructional resources on his Cabrillo College website, www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani, for IPv6, CCNA, or CCNP information. You can email graziani@cabrillo.edu to obtain the username and password for all his materials.