MPLS Fundamentals
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MPLS Fundamentals: (Fundamentals)

MPLS Fundamentals: (Fundamentals)


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About the Book

A comprehensive introduction to all facets of MPLS theory and practice Helps networking professionals choose the suitable MPLS application and design for their network Provides MPLS theory and relates to basic IOS configuration examples The Fundamentals Series from Cisco Press launches the basis to readers for understanding the purpose, application, and management of technologies MPLS has emerged as the new networking layer for service providers throughout the world. For many service providers and enterprises MPLS is a way of delivering new applications on their IP networks, while consolidating data and voice networks. MPLS has grown to be the new default network layer for service providers and is finding its way into enterprise networks as well. This book focuses on the building blocks of MPLS (architecture, forwarding packets, LDP, MPLS and QoS, CEF, etc.). This book also reviews the different MPLS applications (MPLS VPN, MPLS Traffic Engineering, Carrying IPv6 over MPLS, AToM, VPLS, MPLS OAM etc.). You will get a comprehensive overview of all the aspects of MPLS, including the building blocks, its applications, troubleshooting and a perspective on the future of MPLS.

Table of Contents:
Introduction   Part I: Fundamentals of MPLS   Chapter 1 The Evolution of MPLS Definition of MPLS Pre-MPLS Protocols Benefits of MPLS                 Bogus Benefit                 The Use of One Unified Network Infrastructure                 Better IP over ATM Integration                 BGP-Free Core                 Peer-to-Peer VPN Model Versus Overlay VPN Model0                 Overlay VPN Model0                 Peer-to-Peer VPN Model                 Optimal Traffic Flow                 Traffic Engineering History of MPLS in Cisco IOS                 Tag Switching to MPLS                 MPLS Applications Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 2 MPLS Architecture   Introducing MPLS Labels                 Label Stacking                 Encoding of MPLS MPLS and the OSI Reference Model Label Switch Router Label Switched Path Forwarding Equivalence Class Label Distribution                 Piggyback the Labels on an Existing IP Routing Protocol                 Running a Separate Protocol for Label Distribution Label Distribution with LDP Label Forwarding Instance Base MPLS Payload MPLS Label Spaces Different MPLS Modes                 Label Distribution Modes                 Label Retention Modes                 LSP Control Modes Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 3 Forwarding Labeled Packets   Forwarding of Labeled Packets                 Label Operation                 IP Lookup Versus Label Lookup                 Load Balancing Labeled Packets                 Unknown Label Reserved Labels                 Implicit NULL Label                 Explicit NULL Label                 Router Alert Label                 OAM Alert Label Unreserved Labels TTL Behavior of Labeled Packets                 TTL Behavior in the Case of IP-to-Label or Label-to-IP                 TTL Behavior in the Case of Label-to-Label                 TTL Expiration MPLS MTU                 MPLS MTU Command                 Giant and Baby Giant Frames                 Giant Frames on Switches                 MPLS Maximum Receive Unit Fragmentation of MPLS Packets Path MTU Discovery Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 4 Label Distribution Protocol   LDP Overview LDP Operation                 The Discovery of LSRs That Are Running LDP                 LDP Session Establishment and Maintenance                 Number of LDP Sessions                 Advertising of Label Mappings                 Label Withdrawing                 Housekeeping by Means of Notification Targeted LDP Session LDP Authentication Controlling the Advertisement of Labels via LDP MPLS LDP Inbound Label Binding Filtering LDP Autoconfiguration MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization                 How MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization Works                 MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization Configuration MPLS LDP Session Protection Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 5 MPLS and ATM Architecture   Brief Introduction to ATM Label Encoding Label Advertisement                 Downstream-on-Demand Label Advertisement                 LDP Control Mode for ATM LDP for LC-ATM                 Label Space                 Loop Detection by LDP                 Loop Detection by Hop Count TLV                 TTL Manipulation                 Loop Detection by Path Vector TLV                 LDP Address Messages                 Blocking Label Requests Aggregate Labels VC-Merge Non MPLS-Aware ATM Switches Label Switch Controller Multi-Virtual Circuit Tagged Bit Rate                 MPLS CoS Frame Mode ATM Reducing the Number of LVCs Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 6 Cisco Express Forwarding   Overview of Cisco IOS Switching Methods                 Process Switching                 Fast Switching                 CEF Switching Why Is CEF Needed in MPLS Networks? What Are the Components of CEF?                 The Adjacency Table                 The CEF Table Operation of CEF Distributed CEF (DCEF) CEF Switching Packets in Hardware Load Balancing in CEF Unequal Cost Load Balancing Labeling IP Packets by CEF Load Balancing Labeled Packets Troubleshooting CEF Summary Chapter Review Questions   Part II: Advanced MPLS Topics   Chapter 7 MPLS VPN   Introduction to MPLS VPN                 Definition of a VPN                 VPN Models                 MPLS VPN Model Architectural Overview of MPLS VPN Virtual Routing Forwarding                 RD                 RTs                 VPNv4 Route Propagation in the MPLS VPN Network                 Packet Forwarding in an MPLS VPN Network BGP                 BGP Multiprotocol Extensions and Capabilities                 BGP Extended Community: RT                 VPNv4 Routes                 BGP Carrying the Label                 RRs                 RR Group                 BGP Route Selection                 BGP Multipath                 Using Multiple RDs Packet Forwarding PE-CE Routing Protocols                 Connected Routes                 Static Routing                 RIP Version 2                 OSPF                 OSPF VRF Configuration                 OSPF Metric Propagation                 BGP Extended Communities for OSPF                 OSPF Network Design                 Sham Link                 Down Bit and Domain Tag                 EIGRP                 Configuration                 Pre-Bestpath POI                 EIGRP PE-CE with Backdoor Links IS-IS                 eBGP                 Autonomous System Override                 allowas-in Hub-and-Spoke SOO VRF Access Internet Access                 Internet in a VPN                 Internet Access Through the Global Routing Table                 Internet Access Through the Global Routing Table with Static Routes                 Internet Access Through a Central VRF Site Multi-VRF CE                 OSPF VRF-Lite Command CE Management Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 8 MPLS Traffic Engineering   The Need for MPLS TE Overview of the Operation of MPLS TE Distribution of TE Information                 Requirements for the IGP                 OSPF Extensions for TE                 IS-IS Extensions for TE                 Flooding by the IGP Routing and Cost of a TE LSP                 Link TE Attributes                 Maximum Reservable Bandwidth                 Attribute Flags                 TE Metric                 Shared Risk Link Groups                 Maximum Reservable Sub-Pool Bandwidth                 MPLS TE Tunnel (Trunk) Attributes                 TE Tunnel Path Calculation                 Path Setup Option                 IP Explicit Address Exclusion                 Setup and Holding Priority                 Reoptimization                 Periodic Reoptimization                 Event-Driven Reoptimization                 Manual Reoptimization Dual TE Metrics PCALC RSVP                 RSVP and Labels                 Record Route Object                 Other Information Carried by RSVP                 Putting It All Together                 Shared Explicit Style                 RSVP Messages                 PathTear                 ResvTear                 PathErr                 ResvErr Link Manager FRR                 FRR–Link Protection                 FRR–Node Protection                 SRLG Used by Backup Tunnels                 Multiple Backup Tunnels Forwarding Traffic onto MPLS TE Tunnels                 Static Routing                 Policy-Based Routing                 Autoroute Announce                 Forwarding Adjacency                 Direct Mapping of AToM Traffic onto TE Tunnels                 Class-Based Tunnel Selection                 Cost Calculation of IGP Routes over TE Tunnels                 Default Cost Calculation                 Adjusting the Cost Calculation                 Load Balancing MPLS TE and MPLS VPN                 TE Tunnels Between PE Routers                 TE Tunnel with P Router as Tail End Router                 VRF-to-TE Tunnel Routing Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 9 IPv6 over MPLS   Introduction to IPv6                 The Driving Forces for IPv6                 Overview of the IPv6 Protocol                 The IPv6 Header                 The IPv6 Addressing                 Other IPv6 Novelties                 Overview of IPv6 Unicast Routing in Cisco IOS                 IPv6 RIP (RIPng)                 OSPF for IPv6 or OSPFv3                 IS-IS for IPv6                 EIGRP for IPv6                 Multiprotocol BGP Extensions for IPv6                 CEFv6 Carrying IPv6 over an MPLS Backbone MPLS VPN Network Using IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnels on the CE Routers Carrying IPv6 over an MPLS Backbone (6PE)                 Operation of 6PE                 Configuration of 6PE                 Verifying 6PE Operation Carrying IPv6 in VPNs Across an MPLS Backbone (6VPE)                 Operation of 6VPE                 Configuration of 6VPE                 Verifying 6VPE Operation                 IPv6 Internet Access Through 6VPE                 Supported Features for 6VPE Remarks for Both 6PE and 6VPE                 Route Reflectors                 Turning Off TTL Propagation on the PE Routers                 Load Balancing Labeled IPv6 Packets                 PHP                 BGP Functionality Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 10 Any Transport over MPLS   Understanding the Need for AToM Transporting Layer 2 Frames AToM Architecture                 Data Plane of AToM                 Signaling the Pseudowire                 C-Bit                 PW Type                 Group ID                 PW ID                 Interface Parameters                 Signaling the Status of the Pseudowire The Control Word                 Control Word Functions                 Pad Small Packets                 Carry Control Bits of the Layer 2 Header of the Transported Protocol                 Preserve the Sequence of the Transported Frames                 Facilitate the Correct Load Balancing of AToM Packets in the MPLS Backbone Network                 Facilitate Fragmentation and Reassembly MPLS MTU in the MPLS Backbone The Basic AToM Configuration Transported Layer 2 Protocols                 HDLC                 PPP                 Frame Relay                 DLCI-to-DLCI                 Port-to-Port Mode (Port Trunking)                 ATM                 ATM AAL5                 ATM Cell Relay                 Single Cell Relay Mode                 Packed Cell Relay Mode                 Ethernet                 Ethernet Frame Format                 EoMPLS Forwarding                 VLAN ID Rewrite                 EoMPLS Scenario Examples                 Dot1q Tunneling (QinQ) over AToM AToM Tunnel Selection AToM and QoS Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 11 Virtual Private LAN Service   The Need for VPLS VPLS Architecture VPLS Data Plane VPLS Signaling The Basic VPLS Configuration Verifying the VPLS Operation VPLS and Tunneling Layer 2 Protocols                 Tunneling Cisco Discovery Protocol                 Tunneling Spanning Tree Protocol Trunk Port Between the CE and PE Hierarchical VPLS                 H-VPLS with Dot1q Tunneling (QinQ) in the Access Layer                 H-VPLS with MPLS in the Access Layer Quality of Service Limiting MAC Addresses Routing Peering Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 12 MPLS and Quality of Service   DiffServ with IP Packets DiffServ with MPLS Packets Default MPLS QoS Behavior in Cisco IOS DiffServ Tunneling Models                 Pipe Model                 Short Pipe Model                 Uniform Model                 Advantages of the DiffServ Tunneling Models                 How to Implement the Three DiffServ Tunneling Models Recoloring the Packet MQC Commands for MPLS QoS Moving MPLS QoS from the PE to the CE Router Implementing the DiffServ Tunneling Models in Cisco IOS The Table-Map Feature The Use of MPLS QoS for Ethernet over MPLS Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 13 Troubleshooting MPLS Networks   Label Stack Depth Verifying Label Switched Path Tracerouting in MPLS Networks                 Tracerouting in an IP Network                 Label-Aware ICMP                 TTL Behavior in MPLS Networks                 Tracerouting in MPLS Networks                 Problems with Tracerouting in MPLS Networks                 mpls ip ttl-expiration pop Command                 no mpls ip propagate-ttl MPLS MTU Ping Debug MPLS Packets Debugging Load Balancing of Labeled Packets Verifying MPLS on the Interface Verifying Number of Bytes Label Switched MPLS-Aware Netflow Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 14 MPLS Operation and Maintenance   Requirements of MPLS OAM                 Detection and Diagnosis of Control and Data Plane Defects                 Detection of a Defect in a Label Switched Path (LSP)                 OAM Packets Flowing on the Same Path as MPLS Data Traffic                 Path Characterization                 Measurement of SLAs                 OAM Interworking                 MIBs                 Accounting Router Alert Option and Router Alert Label                 Router Alert Label OAM Alert Label MPLS LSP Ping                 LSP Ping Protocol Details                 Target FEC Stack                 Downstream Mapping                 Interface and Label Stack TLV                 Errored TLVs TLV                 Reply TOS Byte                 LSP Ping Operation                 LSP Verification                 MPLS Ping in Cisco IOS MPLS LSP Traceroute                 MPLS Traceroute in Cisco IOS                 Router Alert Label Load Balancing VCCV IP Service Level Agreement                 VRF-Aware IP SLA Netflow Accounting SNMP/MIBs                 Context-Based Access for SNMP over MPLS VPN                 MPLS VPN MIBs Syslog                 OAM Message Mapping Summary Chapter Review Questions   Chapter 15 The Future of MPLS   New MPLS Applications Work at IETF                 MPLS Control Word                 FCS Retention                 AToM Fragmentation and Reassembly                 Circuit Emulation                 GMPLS                 OAM Protocols                 MPLS Labeled Multicast The Proliferation of MPLS Summary   Part III: Appendixes   Appendix A Answers to Chapter Review Questions Appendix B Static MPLS Labels (online)   Index

About the Author :
Luc De Ghein, CCIE No. 1897, is an escalation engineer for Cisco Systems in EMEA. Luc has been in the networking industry for 13 years and has been with Cisco for more than 11 years. He provides escalation support to Cisco engineers worldwide and teaches others about IP routing protocols and MPLS technologies. Luc has been a speaker at several Networkers conferences. During the past seven years, Luc has specialized in the area of MPLS technologies. Before moving to his current position, Luc was a Technical Assistance Center (TAC) customer support engineer for two and a half years, specializing in routing. He has been an escalation engineer for routing and MPLS technologies for more than eight years. Since 1996, Luc has been a Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE). He is certified as both a Routing and Switching CCIE and as a Service Provider CCIE.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780134575261
  • Publisher: Pearson Education (US)
  • Publisher Imprint: Cisco Press
  • Language: English
  • Series Title: Fundamentals
  • ISBN-10: 0134575261
  • Publisher Date: 05 Feb 2016
  • Binding: Digital download
  • No of Pages: 672
  • Weight: 1 gr


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