Student Selected Solutions Manual for Introductory Chemistry

Table of Contents:
Table of Contents The Chemical World 1.1 Sand and Water 1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things 1.3 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think 1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data 1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed Measurement and Problem Solving 2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error 2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers 2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations 2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement 2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion 2.7 Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems 2.8 Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator 2.9 Units Raised to a Power 2.10 Density 2.11 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map Matter and Energy 3.1 In Your Room 3.2 What Is Matter? 3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas 3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties 3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes 3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter 3.8 Energy 3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change 3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms 3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity 3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations Atoms and Elements 4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon 4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory 4.3 The Nuclear Atom 4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons 4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table 4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons 4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies 4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms Molecules and Compounds 5.1 Sugar and Salt 5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition 5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds 5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds 5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds 5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds 5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds 5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds 5.9 Naming Acids 5.10 Nomenclature Summary 5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit Chemical Composition 6.1 How Much Sodium? 6.2 Counting Nails by the Pound 6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram 6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram 6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors 6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds 6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula 6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds 6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds Chemical Reactions 7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents 7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction 7.3 The Chemical Equation 7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations 7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water 7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid 7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations 7.8 Acid—Base and Gas Evolution Reactions 7.9 Oxidation—Reduction Reactions 7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions Quantities in Chemical Reactions 8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide 8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients 8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions 8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions 8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield 8.6 Limiting Reactant[JJ2] , Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants 8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table 9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom 9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation 9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits 9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals 9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations 9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model 9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character Chemical Bonding 10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs 10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots 10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred 10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared 10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds 10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule 10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules 10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix Gases 11.1 Extra-Long Straws 11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases 11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions 11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume 11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature 11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature 11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles 11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles 11.9 Mixtures of Gases 11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces 12.1 Spherical Water 12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids 12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity 12.4 Evaporation and Condensation 12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation 12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole—Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion—Dipole 12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule Solutions 13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon 13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures 13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy 13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz 13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent 13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity 13.7 Solution Dilution 13.8 Solution Stoichiometry 13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter 13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Saltwater Causes Dehydration Acids and Bases 14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies 14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples 14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples 14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases 14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases 14.6 Acid—Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution 14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One 14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity 14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change Chemical Equilibrium 15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium 15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction 15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium 15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes 15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid 15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants 15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle 15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium 15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium 15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium 15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant 15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst Oxidation and Reduction 16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine? 16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions 16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping 16.4 Balancing Redox Equations 16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions[JJ3] 16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity 16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry 16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry 17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis 17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity 17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay 17.4 Detecting Radioactivity 17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life 17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts 17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb 17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity 17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun 17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life 17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine Organic Chemistry 18.1 What Do I Smell? 18.2 Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic 18.3 Carbon: A Versatile Atom 18.4 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen 18.5 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons 18.6 Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure 18.7 Naming Alkanes 18.8 Alkenes and Alkynes 18.9 Hydrocarbon Reactions 18.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 18.11 Functional Groups 18.12 Alcohols 18.13 Ethers 18.14 Aldehydes and Ketones 18.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 18.16 Amines 18.17 Polymers Biochemistry 19.1 The Human Genome Project 19.2 The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components 19.3 Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber 19.4 Lipids 19.5 Proteins 19.6 Protein Structure 19.7 Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints 19.8 DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis