Systems Engineering and Analysis: International Edition

This book concentrates on the engineering of human-made systems and on systems analysis. In the first case, emphasis is on the process of bringing systems into being, beginning with the identification of a need and extending through requirements determination, functional analysis and allocation, design synthesis, evaluation, and validation, operation and support, phase-out, and disposal. In the second case, focus is on the improvement of systems now in being. By employing the iterative process of analysis, evaluation, feedback, and modification, most systems in existence can be improved in their affordability, effectiveness, and stakeholder satisfaction.   The authors present and demonstrate the utilization of various analytical models and methods for accomplishing system analysis, not only in the design and evaluation of new systems, but in the evaluation of existing systems for the purpose of their improvement. Also emphasized is the need to properly integrate a variety of engineering design and management disciplines to effectively implement the concepts and principles of systems engineering.

Table of Contents:
Part 1                  Introduction to Systems 1 Chapter 1                  System Science and Engineering                  2 1.1 System Definitions and Elements                  3 1.2 A Classification of Systems                  6 1.3 Science and Systems Science    8 1.4 Technology and Technical Systems 11 1.5 Transition to the Systems Age         14 1.6 Systems Engineering                  17 1.7 Summary and Extensions                  19 Questions and Problems                  21   Chapter 2                  Bringing Systems Into Being      22 2.1 The Engineered System    23 2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering                  26 2.3 The Systems Engineering Process   30 2.4 System Design Considerations             32 2.5 System Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation                  38 2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering                  44 2.7 A Generic System Example                  49 2.8 Summary and Extensions                  50 Questions and Problems                  51   Part 2      The System Design Process   53 Chapter 3                  Conceptual System Design    54 3.1 Problem Definition and Need Identification                  55 3.2 Advanced System Planning                  56 3.3 System Feasibility Analysis                  58 3.4 System Operational Requirements               59 3.5 Maintenance and Support Concept 69 3.6 Technical Performance Measures                  75 3.7 Functional Analysis and Allocation                  78 3.8 System Trade-off Analyses                  86 3.9 System Specification                  86 3.10 Conceptual Design Review   89 3.11 Summary and Extensions                  90 Questions and Problems                  91   Chapter 4                  Preliminary System Design    93 4.1 Subsystem Design Requirements               94 4.2 Development, Product, Process, and Material Specifications               94 4.3 Functional Analysis and Allocation (Subsystem)                  96 4.4 Detailed Design Requirements               103 4.5 Engineering Design Tools and Technologies                  107 4.6 Trade-off Studies and Design Definition                  111 4.7 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback                  111 4.8 Summary and Extensions                  116 Questions and Problems                  117   Chapter 5                  Detail Design and Development               119 5.1 Detail Design Requirements               120 5.2 Design Engineering Activities                  121 5.3 Integrating System Elements and Activities                  123 5.4 Design Tools and AIDS                  126 5.5 Design Data, Information, and Integration                  128 5.6 Development of Engineering Models   130 5.7 System Prototype Development               133 5.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback                  133 5.9 Incorporation of Design Changes                  137 5.10 Summary and Extensions                  138 Questions and Problems                  140   Chapter 6                  System Test, Evaluation, and Validation                  142 6.1 Requirements for System Test, Evaluation, and Validation                  143 6.2 Categories of System Test and Evaluation                  146 6.3 Planning for System Test and Evaluation                  149 6.4 Preparation for System Test and Evaluation                  152 6.5 Conducting System Test, Data Collection, and Test Reporting                  154 6.6 System Modifications               155 6.7 Summary and Extensions                  158 Questions and Problems                  159   Part 3                  Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation                  160 Chapter 7                  Alternatives and Models in Decision Making 162 7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making   163 7.2 Models in Decision Making   164 7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory    169 7.4 Decisions Involving Multiple Criteria   173 7.5 The Decision Evaluation Display   180 7.6 Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty                  182 7.7 Summary and Extensions                  192 Questions and Problems                  194   Chapter 8                  Models for Economic Evaluation                  199 8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas                  200 8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence                  205 8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative                  209 8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives                  217 8.5 Evaluation Involving Multiple Criteria   219 8.6 Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Futures   221 8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations                  224 8.8 Break-Even Evaluation Under Risk                  230 8.9 Summary and Extensions                  231 Questions and Problems                  232   Chapter 9                  Optimization in Design and Operations                  236 9.1 Classical Optimization Theory    237 9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization                  244 9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization                  266 9.4 Optimization Involving Multiple Criteria   271 9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming              273 9.6 Summary and Extensions                  282 Questions and Problems                  284   Chapter 10                  Queuing Theory and Analysis                  289 10.1 The Queuing System    290 10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing                  293 10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models   297 10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models   307 10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service                  309 10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models   312 10.7 Summary and Extensions                  320             Questions and Problems                  322   Chapter 11                  Control Concepts and Methods                  325 11.1 Some Basic Control Concepts                  326 11.2 Statistical Process Control   328 11.3 Optimum Policy Control   340 11.4 Project Control with CPM and PERT      343 11.5 Total Quality Control Methods                  354 11.6 Summary and Extensions                  360 Questions and Problems                  361   Part 4                  Design for Operational Feasibility                  367 Chapter 12                  Design for Reliability                  369 12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability                  370 12.2 Measures of Reliability                  371 12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle                  382 12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods                  394 12.5 Reliability Test and Evaluation                  405 12.6 Summary and Extensions                  413 Questions and Problems                  414   Chapter 13                  Design for Maintainability            418 13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability             419 13.2 Measures of Maintainability             420 13.3 Availability and Effectiveness Measures                  434 13.4 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle       437 13.5 Maintainability Analysis Methods                  445 13.6 Maintainability Demonstration            467 13.7 Summary and Extensions                  474 Questions and Problems                  475   Chapter 14                  Design for Usability (Human Factors)   479 14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors    480 14.2 The Measures in Human Factors    493 14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle       494 14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods                  499 14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements               505 14.6 Personnel test and Evaluation                  507 14.7 Summary and Extensions                  507 Questions and Problems                  508   Chapter 15                  Design for Supportability (Serviceability)             510 15.1 Definition and Explanation of Logistics and Supportability              511 15.2 The Elements of Logistics and System Support 516 15.3 The Measures of Logistics and Supportability              519 15.4 Logistics and Maintenance Support in the System Life Cycle                  538 15.5 Supportability Analysis (SA)         545 15.6 Supportability Test and Evaluation                  547 15.7 Summary and Extensions                  550             Questions and Problems                  552   Chapter 16                  Design for Producibility and Disposability              554 16.1 Introduction to Producibility and Disposability                  555 16.2 Producibility and Disposability in the System Life Cycle                  558 16.3 Design for Producibility and Manufacturability       562 16.4 Modeling Manufacturing Progress                  566 16.5 Design for Disposability                  570 16.6 A Life Cycle Value-Cost Diagram                  572 16.7 Summary and Extensions                  574 Questions and Problems                  577   Chapter 17                  Design for Affordability (Life-cycle Costing)                  578 17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing   579 17.2 Cost Considerations in the System Life Cycle       582 17.3 The Generic Life-Cycle Costing Process   587 17.4 Life-Cycle Costing by Money Flow Modeling                  606 17.5 Life-Cycle Costing by Economic Optimization                  632 17.6 Applications and Benefits of Life-Cycle Costing   645 17.7 Summary and Extensions                  647 Questions and Problems                  649   Part 5                  Systems Engineering Management                  657 Chapter 18                  Systems Engineering Planning and Organization                  659 18.1 Systems Engineering Program Planning                  660 18.2 Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP)                  660 18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering                  678 18.4 Summary and Extensions                  691 Questions and Problems                  692   Chapter 19                  Program Management, Control, and Evaluation                  694 19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives                  695 19.2 Outsourcing and the Identification of Suppliers                  696 19.3 Program Leadership and Direction                  698 19.4 Program Evaluation and Feedback                  701 19.5 Risk Management                  710 19.6 Summary and Extensions                  712 Questions and Problems                  713   Part 6                  Appendices                  715 Appendix A                  Functional Analysis                  716 A.1 Functional Flow Block Diagrams                  716 A.2 Some Examples of Application                  718   Appendix B                  Design and Management Checklists                  726 B.1 Design Review Checklist                  727 B.2 Management Review Checklist                  728   Appendix C                  Probability Theory and Analysis                  732 C.1 Probability Concepts and Theory                  732 C.2 Probability Distribution Models   735 C.3 Monte Carlo Analysis                  744   Appendix D                  Probability and Statistical Tables    747 Table D.1 Random Rectangular Variates 747 Table D.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities                  747 Table D.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities                  747   Appendix E  Interest Factor Tables    755 Tables E.1 to E.10 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding              755   Appendix F                  Finite Queuing Tables    766 Table F.1 to F.3 Finite Queuing Factors    766   Appendix G                  Selected Bibliography              774 G.1 Systems, Systems Analysis, and Systems Engineering                  774 G.2 Concurrent and Simultaneous Engineering                  776 G.3 Software and Computer-Aided Systems 776 G.4 Reliability Engineering                  777 G.5 Maintainability Engineering and Maintenance                  777 G.6 Human Factors and Safety Engineering                  778 G.7 Production, Manufacturing, Quality Control and Assurance                  778 G.8 Logistics, Supply Chain Management, and Supportability              780 G.9 Operations Research and Operations Management                  781 G.10 Engineering Economy and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis                  781 G.11 Management and Supporting Areas      782   Appendix H                  Selected Web Sites        783 Index