Arguing in the Real World

Table of Contents:
ARGUING IN THE REAL WORLD:  A MULTIMEDIA RHETORIC AND READER   Table of Contents   PART 1:  RHETORIC   PART I:  UNDERSTANDING ARGUMENT   CHAPTER 1:         HOW ARGUMENT WORKS   The Bare Bones:  Claim and Support Claim --Fact Claims --Definition Claims --Cause Claims --Value Claims --Policy Claims Support --The role of research in supporting an argument   How Argument ReallyWorks-The Rhetorical Situation Text, Including Purpose, Style and Tone Author’s Credibility Audience Needs, Interests, and Inclinations Visual Images   The Rhetorical Situation in Action Analyzing the Text, Including Style and Tone Analyzing the Author’s Credibility Analyzing Audience Needs, Interests, and Inclinations Analyzing Visual Images   Analyzing a Rhetorical Situation in the Public Arena   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Argument:  Exercises to Explore Potential Purposes for Argument   CHAPTER 2:         WHY ARGUE?: THE PRIMARY PURPOSES OF ARGUMENT Questions to Determine Your Motivation for Argument Developing Purpose Statements for Arguments Two Primary Purposes for Writing: To Convince and To Bring About Change                       Arguing to Convince   Arguing to Bring About Change   Arguments that Try to Convince and Elicit Change Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Argument:  Exercises to Discover and Refine Your Purpose   CHAPTER 3:  UNDERSTANDING THE ARGUMENTS OF OTHERS   Reading Critically in Three Phases Phase 1:  Question the Text Before You Read Phase 2:  Question the Text As You Read Phase 3:  Question the Text After You Read   The Toulmin Model for Understanding Arguments of Others   Understanding Fallacies and Recognizing Diversion Tactics   A Chart of Common Fallacies   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Arguments:  Exercises to Critically Read Your Own Writing   PART 2:  CRAFTING YOUR OWN ARGUMENT   CHAPTER 4:  READING AND REACHING AN AUDIENCE   Determine the Audience                Determining the Audience’s Needs and Interests Who Exactly is My Audience? What Do They Know About My Topic? Why Do They Care About My Topic? What Stake Do They Have in it? What Common Values or Beliefs Do We Share? What Differences Exist Between Us?   Establish Your Credibility Be Well-informed About the Subject at Hand Admit the Limits of Your Experience or Knowledge of a Subject Know the Appropriate Language to Use for Your Audience Use Visuals to Enhance your Credibility Treat Different Perspectives Fairly, Accurately, and Respectfully   Readingfor Analysis   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Arguments: Exercises to Discover and Reach Your Audience   CHAPTER 5:          BUILDING AN EFFECTIVE ARGUMENT: ORGANIZATIONAL                                   POSSIBILITIES AND TYPES OF SUPPORT   How Do I Know How to Organize My Argument?   Option 1:  Put the Claim at the Beginning Use a Title to Indicate Your Claim   Option 2:  Delay the Claim until the Middle or End of the Argument   Option 3:  Imply the Claim, But  Don’t State it Out Right   How Should I Support My Argument? Logical Appeals–Logos Emotional Appeals–Pathos Ethical Appeals–Ethos   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Argument: Exercises to Explore Ways to Organize and Support Your Argument     PART 3:  UNDERSTANDING FOUR PURPOSES FOR ARGUING   CHAPTER 6:  ARGUING TO INTERPRET A TEXT   What is a real world text? Why make an argument about a text?   Writing Guide: How to Argue To Interpret a Text Brainstorm to determine the text you want to interpret. Brainstorm to determine your specific purpose and audience. Consider ideas and gather data to support your claim. Consider the best organization for your purpose and audience. Work with peers and other readers throughout your writing process.   Focus on Real World Arguments: How to Write a Movie Review How to Write an Essay Exam to Interpret a Text How to Write an Academic Argument to Interpret a Text How to Write a Short Industry Report Interpreting Data   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Arguments: Exercises to Develop an Argument to Interpret a Text   CHAPTER 7: ARGUING TO CHALLENGE AN ACCEPTED POSITION   What counts as an “accepted position”? Legislation Publication Behavior   When and why should you challenge an accepted position?   Writing Guide: How to Argue To Challenge an Accepted Position Brainstorm to focus on a position you want to challenge. Brainstorm to determine your specific purpose and audience. Consider ideas and gather data to support your claim. Consider the best organization for your purpose and audience. Use rhetorical strategies that particularly strengthen this kind of argument. Work with peers and other readers throughout your writing process.   Focus on Real World Arguments: How to Write an Op-Ed Column How to Write an Open Letter How to Write an Argumentative Personal Essay   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Arguments: Exercises to Plan and Develop an Argument to Challenge an Accepted Position       CHAPTER 8:  ARGUING TO MEDIATE A CONFLICT OR UNITE A DIVIDED                                           AUDIENCE   Can Argument Really Unite?  Yes! Rogerian Rhetorical Strategies Writing Guide:  How to Write an Argument that Mediates or Unites Brainstorm to explore issues your argument can address.  Determine your specific purpose and audience.  Consider ideas and gather data to support your claim.  Organize with your purpose and audience in mind.  Use rhetorical strategies that particularly strengthen this kind of  argument.  Focus on Real World Arguments: How to Write an Argument to Mediate Conflict   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Arguments–Exercises To Develop An Argument To Mediate A Conflict Or Unite A Divided Audience   CHAPTER 9: ARGUING TO PROPOSE A SOLUTION OR ADVOCATE A CHANGE   You Can’t Get if You Don’t Ask: Using Argument to Get What You Want Writing Guide:  How to Propose a Solution or Advocate a Change Brainstorm to determine your purpose.        Target the appropriate audience.     Gather information to support your claim. Organize with your purpose in mind: Describe the problem. Identify shared goals and values between you and readers. Explain specifically how your argument addresses the problem. Select support that your audience will find persuasive. Explain why your solution is superior to alternatives. Conclude with a specific call to action. Work with peers and others throughout your writing process.   Focus on Real World Arguments How to Write a Funding Proposal How to Write a Memo Proposing a Change                        How to Compose a Flyer That Argues for Change   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Arguments: Exercises to Develop an Argument to Propose a Solution or Change     PART 4:  ENHANCING YOUR ARGUMENT WITH LANGUAGE AND VISUALS   CHAPTER 10:  USING LANGUAGE TO IMPROVE YOUR ARGUMENT What is Style? Figurative Language Using Figurative Style to Make Statistics More Reader-Friendly Specific Stylistic Maneuvers       Effective Repetition Parallelism Denotation vs. Connotation Rhetorical Question Avoiding Discriminatory Language   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Arguments: Exercises for Using Language to Improve Your Own Arguments   CHAPTER 11:  USING VISUAL IMAGES TO IMPROVE YOUR ARGUMENT   How Visual Arguments Work Logical Arguments in Visual Form Emotional Arguments in Visual Form Ethical Arguments in Visual Form Visual Arguments that Combine Logical, Emotional, and Ethical Claims Reading Visual Arguments Critically Purpose Audience Context Logical Appeals Ethical Appeals Emotional Appeals   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Argument: Exercises to Incorporate Visual Arguments Into Your Texts   PART 5:  USING RESEARCH TO STRENGTHEN YOUR ARGUMENT   CHAPTER 12:  RESEARCHING AN ARGUMENT Researching as Inquiring Formulate a Research Question Find Out What You Already Know Locate Appropriate Sources What makes a source acceptable? Consider Primary and Secondary Sources Kinds of Primary Research Personal Experience Observations Interviews Surveys   Institutional Review Boards   Evaluate Sources to Determine Their Credibility Examining an Author’s Credibility Examining a Publication or Publisher’s Credibility Examining the Content’s Credibility Examining a Website’s Credibility   Take Notes About Your Sources   Formulate Tentative Answers to Your Research Question   Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Argument: Exercises to Complete Research for Your Own Writing   CHAPTER 13:  WRITING A RESEARCHED ARGUMENT Organize with Purpose and Audience in Mind Respecting Intellectual Property and Avoiding Plagiarism Using Quotations:  Why and How Using Paraphrase:  Why and How Using Summary:  Why and How Integrating Quotes, Paraphrases, and Summaries With Signal Phrases Exercises Understanding How Arguments Work Creating Your Own Argument: Exercises to Research and Document Your Own Writing   CHAPTER 14: DOCUMENTING AN ARGUMENT’S SOURCES   Documentation as a Rhetorical Convention Documentation Differs by Genre Explanation, illustration, samples from magazine articles, business documents,           websites, and academic writing   Documenting Academic Writing Using MLA or APA Style MLA Documentation --In-text Citations --Works Cited page --Sample student paper using MLA Documentation   APA Documentation --In-text Citations --References --Sample student paper using APA documentation   PART 2:  FIVE MULTIMEDIA CASEBOOKS   CASEBOOK 1:  TALK RADIO   PRINT TEXTS   Laufer, Peter.  “The Mechanics of a Talk Show.” Inside Talk Radio: America’s Voice or Just Hot Air?.  New York:  Birch Lane Press, 1995:  45-55. Meacham, Jon.  “What Will Rogers Could Teach the Age of Limbaugh.”  WashingtonMonthly Jan/Feb 1994:  16-22. Goode, Stephen.  “They Always Have Talked on Radio.”  Insight on the News 14 (Feb. 1998):  18-19. Piirto, Rebecca.  “Why Radio Thrives.”  American Demographics 16 (May 1994):  40-46. “Opening Up the Conversation.”  American Demographics (1 Oct 01): Heath, Rebecca Piirto.  “Tuning in to Talk.”  American Demographics 20 (Feb 98): 48-53. Chen, David.  “All Languages, All the Time, and All Over the Suburban Dial.” New York Times (17 July 01): Hofstetter, C. Richard, et al. “Information, Misinformation, and Political Talk Radio.” Political Research Quarterly 52 (June 1999): 353-369.   MULTIMEDIA TEXTS   Audio Clips    “The Art of the Talk Show” (roundtable discussion).  Talk of the Nation.  National Public Radio.  29 August 2001.  Available at http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1128092 “Report on Washington Convention of Talk Radio Hosts.”  Reporter:  Guy Raz.  Weekend Edition.  National Public Radio.  26 Feb. 2000.  Available at http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1070876   Talk Show Web Pages   Political/Opinion The Diane Rehm Show                   http://www.wamu.org/programs/dr/ The Mike Gallagher Show              http://www.mikeonline.com/ The Dennis Prager Show                http://www.dennisprager.com Air America Radio                          http://airamericaradio.com Les Kinsolving                                http://www.leskinsolving.com The Rush Limbaugh Show              http://www.rushlimbaugh.com The Phil Hendrie Show                   http://www.philhendrieshow.com   Financial Money Help with Steve and Mike   http://www.debtradio.com Suze Orman                                               http://www.suzeorman.com Money Hotline                                http://www.moneydots.com It’s Your Money                             http://www.itsyourmoney.com Money Matters                               http://www.moneymattersradio.net The Dave Ramsey Show                 http://www.daveramsey.com   Sports Sportsman’s Connection                 http://www.outdoortalknetwork.com The Jim Rome Show                                   http://www.jimrome.com The Tony Bruno Show                    http://www.tonybrunoshow.net Golf Talk                                        http://www.golftalk.com   Health and Self-Help Health Talk with Dr. Bob Martin     http://www.drbobmartin.com The Dr. Laura Show                                   http://www.drlaura.com The Deborah Ray Show                 http://www.healthytalkradio.com Natural Living                                             http://www.garynull.com   Auto Repair Auto Answers                                            http://www.autoanswers.com Car Talk                                         http://www.cartalk.cars.com   Paranormal Coast to Coast with George Noony            http://www.coasttocoastam.com The Lou Gentile Show                    http://www.lougentile.com/index.php Dreamland                                      http://unknowncountry.com/dreamland/   Home Improvement Down Home Talk Radio                 http://www.downhomeradio.com/ On the House                                             http://www.onthehouse.com Mr. Fix It                                       http://www.mrfixit.net   Pets Pet Talk, America                           http://www.pettalk.com Calling All Pets                               http://www.wpr.org/pets   Computers/Technology Let’s Talk Computers                                 http://lets-talk-computers.com Net Talk Live!                                            http://www.nettalklive.com   CASEBOOK 2:   THE TOBACCO WARS   PRINT TEXTS Moseley, Bob.  “Smoke Signals:  Can Magazines Handle the Truth.com?”  Folio. Aug 2000. Melillo, Wendy.  “Legacy Ambush Ads Nixed by CBS, Fox as `Morbid.’” Adweek 14 Feb. 2000. Winter, Greg.  “Antismoking Group Sues to Preserve an Ad Campaign’s Tone.”  New York Times 14 Feb. 2002:  A23. Benoit, William. “Attacking the Tobacco Industry:  A Rhetorical Analysis of the Advertisements by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids.”  The Southern Communication Journal 65 (Fall 1999): 66-81.  (possibly will use an excerpt only) Bryant, Adam.  “In Tobacco’s Face.”  Newsweek. March 20, 2000.  Novek, Linda Gilmen.  “Forbidden Fruit:  Tobacco Firms Seem to Know that Anti-Smoking Ads Can Boomerang.”  MontrealGazette.  January 15, 2001. Pitts, Leonard, Jr.  “Beware Smoking Police.”  MiamiHerald.  January 4, 2001: 13A. Johnson, Craig L. “The State of the Tobacco Settlement: Are Settlement Funds Being Used to Finance State Government Budget Deficits? A Research Note.” Public Budgeting and Finance 24 (Spring 2004): 113-125.   MULTIMEDIA TEXTS   Collection of Marlboro Man and Joe Camel images and spoofs Marlboro Man image (magazine advertisement) “Come to Marlboro Country” 1976 magazine advertisement “Wayne McLaren:  Cigarette model.  Killed by lung cancer.”  Billboard sponsored by the Massachusetts Department of Public Heath “Welcome to Malboro Country.”  Spoof magazine ad from www. Adbusters.com “What if cigarette ads told the Truth?” Spoof magazine ad from www.thetruth.com Joe Camel image “Joe Chemo” spoof ad from www.joechemo.org   Television and Film Clips “Elba, Alabama” TV commercial for the Phillip Morris Family of Companies. In this spot, actors playing residents of Elba discuss how a Miller brewery (owned by Phillip Morris) stopped bottling beer and instead bottled drinking water for them during a flood. Variety of vintage multimedia clips including TV ads for and against tobacco companies and their products, available at http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/tobacco_control/resources/index.htm “Ammoniade.”  Television commercial for thetruth.com “Lie Detector.”  Television commercial for thetruth.com.    Web Pages “Summary of the Attorneys General Master Tobacco Settlement Agreement” http://www.udayton.edu/~health/syllabi/tobacco/summary.htm  Fight Ordinances and Restrictions to Control and Eliminate Smoking            http://www.forces.org Brown and Williamson www.bw.com Former Phillip Morris website  www.phillipmorris.com Altria (new umbrella company including Phillip Morris)        www.altria.com American Legacy Foundation www.thetruth.com Joe Chemo:  A Camel Who Wishes He’d Never Smoked www.joechemo.org   Fliers “It’s a Scientific Fact–he’s fuming inside.”  Produced by Citizens for a Healthy Workplace. “He Should be Screaming at the Top of His Lungs.” Produced by Citizens for a Healthy Workplace. “Will Governor Jeb Bush Protect Our Children from Big Tobacco?” Produced by the American Nonsmokers’ Rights Association. “The Smoke Will Wash Out of Her Clothes... But What About Her Lungs?” Produced by SmokefreeAustin.com.  Available at:                                    http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/smokefreeaustin_AChron_321.pdf Collection of anti-smoking ads available at http://www.no-smoke.org/goingsmokefree.php?dp=d13|p93   CASEBOOK 3:  THE POLITICAL PROCESS AND THE INTERNET   PRINT TEXTS Franke-Ruta, Garance. “Virtual Politics: How the Internet is Transforming Democracy.” The American Prospect Online. Sept. 30, 2003. Reich, Eugenie Samuel, and Celeste Beiver. “The Great American Voting Experient.” New Scientist October 16, 2004: 6+. Thompson, Nicholas.  “Machined Politics:  How the Internet is Really, Truly–Seriously!–Going to Change Elections.”  WashingtonMonthly May 2002: 27-32. Carter, Ray.  “Internet Playing Larger Role in Election Campaigns.”  Journal Record (Oklahoma City).  12 Aug 2002. Associated Press.  “Report Says Internet Elections Could Tap Unregistered Voters.”  Long IslandBusiness News 19 Apr 2002: B6. Napoli, Lisa.  “Like Online Dating, With a Political Spin.”  New York Times 13 March 2003. Huffman, Mark.  “`Blog’ Trend Provides Virtual Soapbox.”  United Press International 18 Jan 2003. Wulfhort, Ellen. “Study: Blogs Haven’t Displaced Media.” eWeek.com. May 16, 2005. Rainie, Lee, et al. “The Internet and Campaign 2004.”  Report by the Pew Internet and American Life Project.  Available at http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_2004_Campaign.pdf Cornfield, Michael. “The Internet and Campaign 2004.” Commentary on the Pew Internet and American Life Project’s Report of the same name. Available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/151/report_display.asp   WEBSITES   Miscellaneous Pew Internet and American Life Project www.pewinternet.org   CampaignsOnline.Org (Sponsored by the Center for the Study of American Government at Johns Hopkins University) www.campaignsonline.org   Institute for Politics, Democracy, and the Internet at George Washington University http://www.ipdi.org/   Electronic Voting, a website devoted to the issue maintained by Dr. Rebecca Mercuri http://www.notablesoftware.com/evote.html   MeetUp.com www.meetup.com   RealClearPolitics www.RealClearPolitics.com   JibJab.com www.jibjab.com   Political Advocacy Groups: Directory of Political Advocacy Groups’ Websites compiled by Meriam Library,     California State University, Chico http://www.csuchico.edu/~kcfount/   League of Women Voters www.lwv.org   Rock the Vote http://rockthevote.org/index2.html   College Republicans http://www.crnc.org/   Young Republicans http://www.youngrepublicans.com/   College Democrats of America http://www.collegedems.com/   True Majority www.truemajority.org   E-democracy http://www.e-democracy.org/us/   MoveOn.org www.moveon.org   Political Parties: Democratic National Committee www.democrats.org   Green Party of the United States www.gp.org   Libertarian Party www.lp.org   Reform Party www.reformparty.org   Republication National Committee www.rnc.org   Popular PoliticalWeblogs Eschaton (Atrios)       http://atrios.blogspot.com/ Daily Kos       http://www.dailykos.com/ Little Green Footballs       http://www.littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/ InstaPundit www.instapundit.com Blogger (create your own blog) www.blogger.com   Campaign Finance Sites Political Moneyline (searchable databases of political campaign contributors) http://www.tray.com/   Hockaday Donatelli Campaign Solutions www.edonation.com     VIDEO and AUDIO IDPI’s Video Library features videos produced by candidates, interest groups, and             individuals related to the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign. http://www.ipdi.org/videolibrary/   Shapiro, Ari. “Blogs Open New Political Front.” NPR’s All Things Considered. Nov. 24, 2003. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1520176   Powers, John. “The Power of Political Blogs.” NPR’s Fresh Air. Sept. 23, 2004. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3933257   CASEBOOK 4:  FAST FOOD CULTURE   PRINT TEXTS Smith, Timothy K.  “We’ve Got to Stop Eating Like This.”  Fortune.  Feb. 3, 2003:  58-70. Schlosser, Julie.  “Uphill Battle.”  Fortune Feb. 3, 2003:  64. Stipp, David.  “The Quest for the AntiFat Pill.”  Fortune.  Feb. 3, 2003:  66-67. Levine, Jane.  “Food Industry Marketing in Elementary Schools: Implications for School Health Professionals.”  Journal of School  Health 69 (Sept. 99):  290+. Whitaker, Leslie. “A Tasty Business.”  Psychology Today 32 (Jan 99):  52+. Clapp, Steve.  “CSPI Report Attacks `Super-Sizing.’” Food Chemical News 44 (June 24, 1999):  26. Chadwick, Benjamin.  “The Slow Food Movement Takes on Fast Food Culture.” E/The Environmental Magazine. (Nov. 15, 2002). Schlosser, Eric.  “Chapter 9:  What’s in the Meat?.”  Fast Food Nation:  The Dark Side of the All-American Meal.  New York:  HarperCollins, 2002.  193-222. Gadd, Michael.  “Junk Food Culture.”  Youth Radio March 11, 2003 http://www.youthradio.org/lifestyle/010822_fastfood.shtml National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity (NANA).  “From Wallet to Waistline:  The Hidden Costs of Super Sizing.”  http://www.cspinet.org/w2w.pdf Parloff, Roger.  “Is Fat the Next Tobacco?”  Fortune Feb. 3, 2003. Smith, Rod.  “Producers Have Stake in Fast Food Defense.”  Feedstuffs 74 (Dec. 9, 2000):  5-6. “Fat Nation Fights Back–Sort Of.”  U.S.News and World Report (July 1, 2002):  4. Long, Karen R.  “Fast Food Under Fire.”  The Plain Dealer Nov. 24, 2002:  A1.   MULTIMEDIA TEXTS   Op-Ed Cartoons and Advertisements Patterson, Chris.  “A Triple By-Pass and a Large Order of Carbohydrates…Oh, and a Diet Soda.”  Cagle.slate.msn.com. Jan 23 2003. http://cagle.slate.msn.com/search/showimage.asp?recordid=cpa0037 Grizelda.  “Heart Disease Menu.”  Cagle.slate.msn.com. Jan 23, 2003.  http://cagle.slate.msn.com/search/showimage.asp?recordid=gri0052 Collection of Print Ads.  ConsumerFreedom.com.  http://consumerfreedom.com/  (especially “You Are Too Stupid”  http://consumerfreedom.com/advertisements_detail.cfm/ad/7 and “Did You Hear the One About the Fat Guy Suing the Restaurants?” http://consumerfreedom.com/advertisements_detail.cfm/ad/20  )   Audio  “McDonald's New Farm.” Reporter. Daniel Zwerdling.  American RadioWorks.  National Public Radio.  29 Apr. 2002.  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1142532 “Economics of Fat.”  Reporter. Scott Simon.  Weekend Edition.  National Public Radio.  1 Feb. 2003. http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=959048   Web Sites Center for Science in the Public Interest http://www.cspinet.org National Restaurant Association http://www.restaurant.org/ National Council of Chain Restaurants http://www.nccr.net/newsite/index.html Center for Consumer Freedom http://www.consumerfreedom.com/ Slow Food USA http://www.slowfood.com Burger King www.burgerking.com McDonalds www.mcdonalds.com KFC (formerly Kentucky Fried Chicken) www.kfc.com Subway www.subway.com Taco Bell www.tacobell.com Coca Cola www.cocacola.com Pepsi www.pepsi.com     CASEBOOK 5:  Reality TV   PRINT TEXTS Miller, Edward D.  “Fantasies of Reality:  Surviving Reality-Based Programming.”  Social Policy 31 (Fall 2000): 6+ Rankin, Aubree. “Executive Summary.” Reality TV: Race to the Bottom. Parents Television Council. June 25, 2004.  Full report available at http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/reports/realitytv2/main.asp Reiss, Steven, and James Wiltz.  “Why America Loves Reality TV.”  Psychology Today 34 (Sep-Oct 2001): 52-54. Shapiro, Barbara.  “Who’s Afraid of Being Kicked Off the Island? The Psychological Appeal of Survivor.”  Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society 7 (Fall 2002): 274-280. Teitell, Beth.  “Reality TV Fulfills Society’s Need to Gossip Without Competition.”  BostonHerald 14 Jan 2003: O43. Poniewozik, James.  “Virtuous Reality:  Are Survivor-Style Shows Corrupting Society? Relax.  We Reveal Their Dirty Little Secret:  They’re Moral.”  Time (23 Apr 2001): 72+. Kavka, Misha. “Love `n the Real; or, How I Learned to Love Reality TV.” The Spectacle of the Real: From Hollywood to Reality TV and Beyond. Bristol, UK: Routledge, 2005:   MULTIMEDIA TEXTS   Cartoons   Lynch, Mark.  “I Bought This for Escapism!”  Cagle.slate.msn.com. 23 Jan 2003.  http://cagle.slate.msn.com/search/showimage.asp?recordid=mly0268. Griffiths, Scott.  “Sensitive Managers Vote Off Employees.”  Cagle.slate.msn.com. 23 Jan 2003.  http://cagle.slate.msn.com/search/showimage.asp?recordid=sgr0025. Purvis, Geoff.  “Don’t You Think You’re Taking These Programmes a Bit Too Seriously?” Cagle.state.msn.com 23 Jan 2003.  http://cagle.slate.msn.com/search/showimage.asp?recordid=gpu0090.   Audio Clips Poniewozik, James. “The Reality of `American Idol.’” All Things Considered. National Public Radio. May 24, 2005. “Reality TV.” Talk of the Nation.  National Public Radio.  29 Jan 2003.  Available at http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=946719 “Reality, PBS Style.” Morning Edition.  National Public Radio.  30 Nov 2002.  Available at http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=862260 Shearer, Harry. “New Reality TV: American Oncologist.” All Things Considered.  National Public Radio. 23 Sept 2002.  http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1150476 “Advantages of Reality TV.”  Morning Edition.  National Public Radio.  9 Feb 2001.  http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1118308 “Virtual Cold Turkey.”  All Things Considered.  National Public Radio. 3 Aug 2000.  http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1080305   Websites   Reality TV Links     http://www.realitytvlinks.com/index2.html Survivor        http://www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor6/ American Idol    http://www.idolonfox.com Fear Factor    http://www.nbc.com/Fear_Factor/index.shtml The Bachelorette   http://abc.abcnews.go.com/primetime/bachelorette/index.html The Bachelor   http://abc.abcnews.go.com/primetime/specials/bachelor/index.html Real World   http://www.mtv.com/onair/realworld/ Road Rules   http://www.mtv.com/onair/roadrules/ Star Search   http://www.cbs.com/primetime/star_search/ The Amazing Race   http://www.cbs.com/primetime/amazing_race3/ Road Rules/Real World Battle of the Sexes   http://www.mtv.com/onair/rwrr_challenge/battle_sexes/ Extreme Makeover   http://abc.go.com/primetime/extrememakeover/index.html Extreme Makeover: Home Edition    http://abc.go.com/primetime/xtremehome/index.html The Simple Life    http://www.fox.com/simplelife/