Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating systems

Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating Systems describes the role of sperm competition in selection on a range of attributes from gamete morphology to species mating systems. This book is organized into 19 chapters and begins with the conceptualization of sperm competition as a subset of sexual selection and its implications for the insects. The following chapter describes the relationship between multiple mating and female fitness, with an emphasis on determining the conditions under which selection on females is likely to counteract selection on males for avoiding sperm competition. Other chapters consider the female perspective on sperm competition; the evolutionary causation at the level of the individual male gamete; and the correlation of high paternal investment and sperm precedence in the insects. The remaining chapters are arranged phylogenetically and explore the sperm competition in diverse animal taxa, such as the Drosophila, Lepidoptera, spiders, amphibians, and reptiles. These chapters also cover the evolution of direct versus indirect sperm transfer among the arachnids or the problem for kinship theory presented by multiple mating and sperm competition in the Hymenoptera. This book further discusses the remarkable potential for sperm competition among certain temperate bat species whose females store sperm through winter hibernation and the mixed strategies and male-caused female genital trauma as possible sperm competition adaptations in poeciliid fishes. The concluding chapter examines the predictions concerning testes size and mating systems in the primates and the possible role of sperm competition in human selection. This book is of great value to reproductive biologists and researchers.

Table of Contents:
List of Contributors Preface 1. Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating Strategies I. Introduction II. The Evolution of the Two Sexes III. Gamete Investment Versus Other Reproductive Effort IV. The Evolution of Internal Fertilization V. Sperm Competition and Conflicting Evolutionary Forces VI. Female Interests (Mate Choice, Diversity of Progeny, Sperm Depletion, Paternal Investment) VII. Resolution of Sexual Conflict: Evolutionary Dynamics of Sperm Competition Systems VIII. Expenditure on Paternity Assurance IX. Multiple Versus Single Ejaculation X. Sperm Competition and Male-male Disputes XI. Sperm Size and Number With Internal Fertilization XII. Summary References 2. Male Sperm Competition Avoidance Mechanisms: The Influence of Female Interests I. Introduction II. Costs to Females III. The Resolution of Conflicting Male and Female Interests IV. Natural History Patterns and Model Parameters V. Summary References 3. Sperm in Competition I. Introduction II. Intraejaculate Competition and Male/Gamete Conflict III. Interejaculate Competition IV. Competition Between Choosing Females and Sperm V. Competition Among Symbiotic Genomes VI. Discussion and Conclusions VII. Summary References 4. Male Mating Effort, Confidence of Paternity, and Insect Sperm Competition I. Introduction II. Mating Effort, Parental Effort, and the Evolution of Sexual Differences III. Evolution of Nonpromiscuous Mating Effort and Parental Effort IV. Can Mating Effort and Parental Effort Be Distinguished? V. Paternal Investment and Confidence of Paternity in Insects VI. Insect Sperm Competition Studies VII. Paternal Investment and Sperm Precedence VIII. Paternity-ensuring Mechanisms IX. Discussion and Conclusions X. Summary References 5. Alternative Hypotheses for Traits Believed to Have Evolved by Sperm Competition I. Introduction II. The Dorsal Clamp of Male Panorpa III. Other Traits Often Viewed as Evolved by Sperm Competition IV. Methodology Used to Study Evolved Function V. Summary References 6. Sperm Transfer and Utilization Strategies in Arachnids: Ecological and Morphological Constraints I. Introduction II. Indirect Sperm Transfer Without Pair Formation (Group II) III. Indirect Sperm Transfer With Pair Formation (Group I) IV. Direct Sperm Transfer (Group III) V. Summary References 7. Evolution of Sperm Priority Patterns in Spiders I. Introduction II. Current Knowledge on Spider Sperm Priority III. Phylogenetic Constraints IV. Sperm Priority: The Female Perspective V. Sperm Precedence: The Male Perspective VI. Combined Perspectives VII. Summary References 8. Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Odonate Mating Systems I. Introduction II. Sexual Selection and Sperm Competition III. Demonstrating Sperm Competition in Odonates IV. Sperm Displacement Ability V. Sperm Competition and Odonate Postcopulatory Behavior VI. Odonate Mating Systems VII. Summary References 9. Multiple Mating and Sperm Competition in the Lepidoptera I. Introduction II. Reproductive Anatomy and Sperm Dynamics III. Mating Frequency in Natural Populations IV. Sperm Priority Patterns and Evolution of Mating Behavior V. Summary References 10. Sperm Transfer and Use in the Multiple Mating System of Drosophila I. Introduction II. Sperm Storage and Utilization III. Repeated Mating IV. Mechanisms of Sperm Predominance V. Evolutionary Significance VI. Summary References 11. Sperm Competition, Kinship, and Sociality in the Aculeate Hymenoptera I. Introduction II. Hymenoptera Reproductive Biology III. Sperm Competition in the Aculeata IV. Social Consequences of Sperm Competition V. Conclusion: What Is To Be Done? VI. Summary References 12. Sperm Competition in Poeciliid Fishes I. Introduction II. Biology of Poeciliid Fishes III. Behavior of Poeciliid Fishes IV. Multiple Insemination V. Sperm Replacement VI. The Role of Sperm Competition in the Evolution of Poeciliid Reproductive Traits VII. Summary References 13. Sperm Competition in Amphibians I. Introduction II. Anurans III. Apodans IV. Urodeles V. Mating in Hynobiids VI. Testing for Sperm Competition VII. Summary References 14. Potential for Sperm Competition in Reptiles: Behavioral and Physiological Consequences I. Introduction II. Prerequisites for Sperm Competition in Reptiles III. Sperm Competition in Females and Its Evolutionary Consequences for Males IV. Factors Influencing the Inclination to Mate More Than Once V. Summary References 15. Sperm Competition in Apparently Monogamous Birds I. Introduction II. Physiological Considerations III. Copulatory Behavior in Birds IV. Forced Copulation and Sperm Competition in Waterfowl V. Extrapair Copulation in Other Monogamous Birds VI. Extrapair Copulation in Partially Monogamous Birds VII. Discussion VIII. Summary References 16. Sperm Competition in Muroid Rodents I. Introduction II. Reproductive Systems in Rodents III. Sperm Competition, Order Effects, and Differential Fertilizing Capacity IV. Implications and Extensions of Studies of Mating Order and Differential Fertilizing Capacity V. Ejaculation Frequency and Sperm Competition VI. Simultaneous Sperm Competition VII. Implications for the Evolution of Mating Strategies VIII. Conclusions and Directions for Further Research IX. Summary References 17. Sperm Competition? The Case of Vespertilionid and Rhinolophid Bats I. Introduction II. Chastity Plugs? III. "Disco" Mating System IV. Sperm Competition? V. What Next? VI. Summary References 18. Sperm Competition, Testes Size, and Breeding Systems in Primates I. Introduction II. Methods III. Results IV. Discussion V. Summary References 19. Human Sperm Competition I. Introduction II. Human Sperm Competition in Context III. Potential Female Benefits from Facultative Polyandry IV. Possible Female Costs of Facultative Polyandry V. Evidence for Human Sperm Competition VI. Comparative Hominoid Reproductive and Social Biology VII. Human Attributes Possibly Evolved in the Context of Sperm Competition VIII. Sperm Competition and Human Evolution IX. Summary References Index