Aphids as Virus Vectors
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Aphids as Virus Vectors

Aphids as Virus Vectors


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About the Book

Aphids as Virus Vectors focuses on aphids as vectors of plant viruses and the fundamentals of their relationship with virus and host. The mouthparts and feeding mechanism of aphids are discussed, along with aphid penetration of plant tissues and the transmission mechanisms of aphids as virus vectors. The intrinsic properties and taxonomy of aphid-borne viruses are also examined. Comprised of 22 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the importance of aphids as vectors, their biology, and the properties of the viruses they transmit. These introductory chapters prepare the reader for later ones on aphid-virus-plant interactions. The next section deals with transmission mechanisms, with emphasis on several novel alternatives to many of the traditionally held concepts of how aphids transmit viruses. Accessory factors in non-persistent virus transmission are considered. Subsequent chapters focus on technological advances in aphid-virus research, including the use of aphid cell culturing, radioisotope methodology, membrane feeding, and electrical measurement systems. The most promising frontiers in epidemiological and control-oriented research are discussed in the last two sections. This monograph will be a useful resource for researchers from such varied sciences as entomology, plant science, and virology, as well as for graduate students taking entomology and plant pathology courses on insects in relation to plant diseases.

Table of Contents:
?List of Contributors Preface Part I Aphid Vectors Chapter 1. Worldwide Importance of Aphids as Virus Vectors 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Biology of the Major Groups of Aphids 1.3 Distribution of Aphids and the Viruses They Transmit 1.4 The Attributes of Aphids Most Affecting Their Abilities as Virus Vectors 1.5 The Physiological Condition of the Host 1.6 The Effects of Other Organisms 1.7 Weather, Aphids and Viruses 1.8 Aphids and Viruses for Weed Control 1.9 Sources of Information About Aphids 1.10 References Chapter 2. Anatomy of An Aphid Vector: Myzus Persicae 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Alimentary Canal 2.3 Salivary Gland 2.4 Mesodermal Derivatives 2.5 Mycetome 2.6 Oenocytes 2.7 Circulatory System 2.8 Respiratory System 2.9 Nervous System 2.10 Reproductive System 2.11 References Chapter 3. The Mouthparts and Feeding Mechanism of Aphids 3.1 Introduction 3.2 General Morphology of the Head and Organs of Ingestion 3.3 Mouthparts 3.4 Sucking Pump 3.5 Gustatory Sense Organs 3.6 Foregut 3.7 Esophageal Valve 3.8 References Chapter 4. Aphid Penetration of Plant Tissues 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Physical Aspects of Penetration 4.3 Physiological Aspects of Penetration 4.4 References Part II Aphid-Borne Viruses Chapter 5. Intrinsic Properties and Taxonomy of Aphid-Borne Viruses 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Activities of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 5.3 Groups of Aphid-Transmitted Viruses 5.4 References Chapter 6. Properties of an Aphid-Borne Virus: Pea Enation Mosaic Virus 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Properties of the Particles 6.3 Infectivity of Components of PEMV 6.4 Stabilization of PEMV Particles 6.5 Strains of PEMV 6.6 Discussion 6.7 References Part III Transmission Mechanisms Chapter 7. An Ingestion-Egestion Hypothesis of Noncirculative Virus Transmission 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nonpersistent, Noncirculative Transmission 7.3 Fitting the Ingestion-Egestion Hypothesis to Observable Transmission Characteristics 7.4 Ingestion-Egestion Transmission Mechanism and Control-Oriented Research 7.5 Circulative Transmission 7.6 Closing Remarks 7.7 Acknowledgments 7.8 References Chapter 8. Accessory Factors in Nonpersistent Virus Transmission 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Helper Component Produced in Virus-Infected Plants 8.3 Polyamino Acid Induced Virus Transmission 8.4 Comparison of Helper Component and Polyamino Acid Mediated Transmission 8.5 Prospects 8.6 Acknowledgments 8.7 References Chapter 9. Bimodal Transmission of Plant Viruses 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Characteristics of Bimodal Transmission 9.3 Transmission of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) by Aphids 9.4 Properties and Transmission of Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic Virus (PSbMV) by Aphids 9.5 A Discussion of Some Viruses That Are Believed to be Bimodally Transmitted by Aphids 9.6 Explanation of the Bimodal Transmission Phenomenon 9.7 Effects of Formaldehyde and Ultraviolet Irradiation on Bimodal Viruses 9.8 Location of a Bimodally Transmitted Virus (PBbMV) on Its Vector Stylets 9.9 Speculations on the Nature of Virus-Stylet Interaction 9.10 Acknowledgments 9.11 References Chapter 10. Dependent Virus Transmission from Mixed Infections 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Examples of Dependent Transmission 10.3 Heterologous Encapsidation 10.4 Barley Yellow Dwarf 10.5 Potential of Heterologous Encapsidation in Nature 10.6 Perspectives 10.7 Acknowledgments 10.8 References Part IV Technological Advances in Aphid-Virus Research Chapter 11. An Electrical Measurement System for Studying Aphid Probing Behavior 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Description of the Measurement System 11.3 Noise 11.4 Grounding 11.5 Interpretation of the Results 11.6 References Chapter 12. Radioisotopes in Aphid Research 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Application of Suitable Radioisotopes 12.3 Use of Radioisotopes to Indicate Penetration of Stylets into the Phloem and Beginning of Food Uptake 12.4 Ingestion of Radiotracers with Food 12.5 Excretion of Radioisotopes 12.6 Special Tracer Experiments with Aphids 12.7 Radiation Load and the Question of Radiation Damage 12.8 References Chapter 13. Membrane Feeding Systems in Aphid Research 13.1 Introduction 13.2 An Up-to-Date List of Aphid Species Reared on Complex Diets 13.3 Chemical Formulations of Diets 13.4 Method of Preparing Diets and Sachets, and Using Simple Cages 13.5 Problems with Membrane-Feeding Systems and Interpretation of Results 13.6 Acknowledgments 13.7 References Chapter 14. Aphid Cell Cultures 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Establishment of Aphid Cell Cultures 14.3 Uses of Aphid Cell Cultures in Virus Research 14.4 Other Uses of Aphid Cell Cultures 14.5 Prospects and Tasks for the Future 14.6 Acknowledgment 14.7 References Part V Epidemiology of Aphid-Borne Viruses Chapter 15. Aphids, Viruses, and The Yellow Plague 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Yellow Plague 15.3 Beet Western Yellows Virus 15.4 Discussion 15.5 References Chapter 16. Epidemiology of Aphid-Borne Viruses 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biological Aspects 16.3 Physical Factors Affecting Virus Spread 16.4 Cultural Practices Influencing the Amount of Virus Spread 16.5 Concluding Remarks 16.6 References Chapter 17. Plant Virus Epidemiology and Computer Simulation of Aphid Populations 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Approaches to an Epidemiology of Plant Virus Diseases 17.3 Computer Simulation Models of Aphid Population Dynamics 17.4 A Computer Simulation Model of Plant Virus Epidemiology 17.5 Discussion 17.6 Acknowledgments 17.7 References Part VI Promising Frontiers in Control-Oriented Research Chapter 18. Oils and Other Inhibitors of Nonpersistent Virus Transmission 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Mode of Action of Oils on the Transmission of Viruses by Aphids 18.3 Properties of Oils Linked to the Inhibition of Virus Transmission by Aphids 18.4 Field Experiments with Oil Sprays to Prevent the Spread of Aphid-Borne Viruses 18.5 Other Inhibitors of Transmission of Nonpersistent Viruses 18.6 Conclusions 18.7 References Chapter 19. Inhibition of Plant Virus Infections by Antiviral Agents 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Natural Source of Antiviral Agents 19.3 Synthetic Sources 19.4 Mechanism of Virus Inhibition 19.5 Recent Advance and Practical Applications 19.6 Summary and Conclusions 19.7 References Chapter 20. Breeding Plants for Resistance to Aphid Infestation 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Mechanisms of Plant Resistance 20.3 Obtaining Resistant Cultivars 20.4 Aphid Resistance and the Spread of Viruses 20.5 Concluding Remarks 20.6 References Chapter 21. Resistance to the Aphid-Borne Viruses in the Potato 21.1 The Potato and Aphid-Borne Viruses 21.2 Types of Resistance 21.3 Testing for Resistance 21.4 Resistance to the Individual Viruses 21.5 The Aphid and Resistance: How Do They Relate? 21.6 What Is Resistance? 21.7 Resistance in Today's Perspective 21.8 And Tomorrow 21.9 Acknowledgments 21.10 References Chapter 22. Aphid Pheromones 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Aggregation Pheromones 22.3 Alarm Pheromones 22.4 Aphid Sex Pheromones 22.5 Uses of Pheromones to Reduce Virus Spread by Aphids 22.6 Acknowledgments 22.7 References Index

About the Author :
Professor Karl Maramorosch works at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780123275509
  • Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Publisher Imprint: Academic Press Inc
  • Language: English
  • Weight: 1050 gr
  • ISBN-10: 0123275504
  • Publisher Date: 14 Jul 1977
  • Binding: Hardback
  • No of Pages: 576


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