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Home > Medicine & Health Science textbooks > Clinical and internal medicine > Diseases and disorders > Medicine: HIV/AIDS, retroviral diseases > AIDS Update 2010
AIDS Update 2010

AIDS Update 2010


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About the Book

AIDS UPDATE 2010 presents a balanced review of current research and information on HIV infection, HIV disease, and AIDS. AIDS UPDATE 2010 places discussion within a biological, medical, and social framework, helping readers more fully understand this devastating pandemic.

Table of Contents:
Contents About the Authoriii A Quarter Century of AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisisx AIDS UPDATE 2010xix Prefacexxi Introduction: Histories of Global -Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences and Means of Remembering-the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day1 Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens!1 History of Global Pandemics and Epidemics1 Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame?2 Imagine a World without AIDS2 Overview of HIV/AIDS4 AIDS: A Unique Disease5 AIDS: A Cause of Death5 Another Anniversary6 Other Anniversaries6 International AIDS Conferences6 Means of Remembering7 The 26th Candlelight Memorial9 Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States10 Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States12 World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and Reconnect12 The World Health and UNAIDS Organizations13 The Future13 National AIDS Hotlines15 Useful Internet Addresses15 1 AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause18 The New Millennium18 AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome?19 First Reaction to AIDS: Denial20 What Causes AIDS?20 How Do CD4+ Cells Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS?22 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports24 Discovery of the AIDS Virus24 Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance26 Summary28 Review Questions28 2 What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus29 The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)29 Dissidents (AIDS Doesn't Exist or HIV Isn't the Cause)33 Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS33 Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus37 Summary on the Origin of HIV43 Summary44 Review Questions44 3 Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus45 Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Reproduce45 Viruses Are Parasites45 Viruses Specific to Cell Type46 Retroviruses46 Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell46 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Its Life Cycle49 The HIV Life Cycle49 How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell53 Basic Genetic Structure of Retroviral Genomes53 Genetic Revolution58 Formation of Genetic Recombination in HIV58 Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins59 Summary62 Review Questions62 4 Anti-HIV Therapy64 Exciting Times for Antiretroviral Therapy65 Anti-HIV Therapy65 HIV Eradication Update-Is a Cure Possible?69 Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval69 The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval72 FDA-Approved Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors73 Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors75 FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors75 Entry Inhibitors and Problems78 Integrase Inhibitors79 Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants80 Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors81 How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance84 HIV Treatment Regimen Failure86 Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS91 Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART)91 Update 201096 Novel Drugs99 Summary102 Disclaimer104 Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines105 Review Questions105 5 The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS107 The Immune System107 Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells109 Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection-What It Means114 The CD4+ Cell Count-Why It Matters114 Antibodies and HIV Disease118 Cellular Micro-RNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary CD4+ T Cells120 Immune System Dysfunction121 Original Antigenic Sin121 The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4)124 CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor124 Emergence of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities124 In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection125 T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression127 Impact of T4 Cell Depletion129 Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection129 Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected?130 Summary133 Review Questions133 6 Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS134 What Is an Opportunistic Disease?134 The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases135 Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People135 TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide146 Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients146 Disclaimer151 Summary151 Review Questions151 7 A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS152 What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS152 HIV Disease Defined153 Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy)157 HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS162 Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies163 Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression165 HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS)174 Neuropathies in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients175 Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms175 Summary177 Review Questions177 8 Epidemiology andTransmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus178 We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!180 Epidemiology of HIV Infection180 Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)181 Is HIV Transmitted by Insects?181 HIV Transmission183 HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings184 Noncasual Transmission184 Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection194 Problem200 Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission206 United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU)206 Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries209 Other Means of HIV Transmission215 Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa215 Pediatric Transmission221 Conclusion224 National AIDS Resources224 Summary225 Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected225 Review Questions225 9 Preventing the Transmission of HIV227 The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!"228 Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Stop the Spread of HIV/AIDS228 Global Prevention229 Antiretroviral Drugs Having an Impact on Prevention, but We Can't Treat Our Way out of This Pandemic230 Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic234 Preventing the Transmission of HIV236 Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity239 New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex-Nobody Has a Body to Die For!241 The Male Condom244 The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch)250 An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (MI-CRO-BA-CIDES)254 Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics254 HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users255 Lifting the Ban on the Use of Federal Funding to Support Needle Exchange Programs257 Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission258 Infection Control Procedures258 Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure260 The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV261 The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases264 HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention264 Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines268 DNA Vaccine270 Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine270 Update 2009, September-Breaking News: HIV Vaccine Is Safe, Partly Effective271 Summary272 Review Questions273 10 Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries274 A Word about HIV/AIDS Data275 The Millennium: Year 2010279 Formula for Estimating HIV Infections282 Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation282 September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day293 Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection294 Newly Infected295 Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States295 Shape of AIDS Pandemic: United States300 Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States302 Different Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality302 Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 33,310,000303 Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million303 United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 61 Million303 Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS (See Table 10-7)305 Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries Similar Questions but Different Answers, Different Epidemics307 Workforce-South Africa: Some Examples310 Education: Teachers and Students-South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa310 Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia311 Summary315 Review Questions316 11 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases amo ng Women and Children 317 HIV/AIDS Is Defining the Lives of Millions of Women318 Female Vulnerability318 Every Day a Tragedy318 Triple Jeopardy318 Annual International Women's Day-March 8319 Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide319 Asia-Pacific Region, Over 5 Million HIV Positive: 2009320 Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States320 Childbearing Women335 Internet336 Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States: A Fight We Can Win!336 Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS337 The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans339 Summary344 Review Questions345 12 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24346 Global HIV Infections in Young Adults346 Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults347 How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States?349 HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us!350 Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States, Globally350 Summary358 Internet358 Other Useful Sources358 Review Questions358 13 Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus359 Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present360 Requests for HIV Testing360 Reasons for HIV Testing361 Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV362 ELISA HIV Antibody Test363 Western Blot Assay369 New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection373 Rapid HIV Testing375 FDA Approves Two Home HIV Antibody Test Kits378 Some Screening and Confirmatory Tests for HIV380 Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When382 Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary?384 Immigration and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted384 Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent385 Summary393 Review Questions394 14 AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior395 HIV/AIDS Is a Story in Our Lifetime396 The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS397 HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease397 Discrimination vs. Compassion and Support397 HIV/AIDS Is Here to Stay398 AIDS Comes to the United States399 Blame Someone, DŽjˆ Vu399 Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States400 Whom Is the General Public to Believe?402 AIDS Education and Behavior:Dissipating Fear with Education406 The Character of Society413 Dealing with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act418 Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry420 U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security424 Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations428 Forms of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS431 Summary438 Review Questions439 Answers to Review Questions440 Glossary446 References454 Index476


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780073527611
  • Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education - Europe
  • Publisher Imprint: McGraw-Hill Professional
  • Height: 231 mm
  • Returnable: N
  • Weight: 841 gr
  • ISBN-10: 0073527610
  • Publisher Date: 16 Jan 2010
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: English
  • Spine Width: 28 mm
  • Width: 185 mm


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