About the Book
This debate-style reader is designed to introduce students to controversies in global issues through readings that reflect a variety of viewpoints. Each issue is framed with an issue summary, an issue introduction, and a postscript. "The Taking Sides" readers feature annotated listings of selected World Wide Web sites.
Table of Contents:
PART 1. Global Population ISSUE 1. Should the International Community Attempt to Curb Population Growth in the Developing World? YES: Robert S. McNamara, from "The Population Explosion," The Futurist" (November-December 1992) NO: Steven W. Mosher, from "McNamara's Folly: Bankrolling Family Planning," PRI Review" (March/April 2003) Robert S. McNamara, former president of the World Bank, argues that the developed countries of the world and international organizations should help the countries of the developing world to reduce their population growth rates. Steven W. Mosher, president of the Population Research Institute, an organization dedicated to debunking the idea that the world is overpopulated, argues that McNamara's World Bank, and other international financial lending agencies, has served for over a decade as "loan sharks" for those groups and individuals who were pressuring developing countries to adopt fertility reduction programs for self-interest reasons. ISSUE 2. Is Rapid Urbanization in the Developing World a Major Problem? YES: Barbara Boyle Torrey, from "Urbanization: An Environmental Force to Be Reckoned With," Population Reference Bureau" (April 2004) NO: Gordon McGranahan and David Satterthwaite, from "Urban Centers: An Assessment of Sustainability," Annual Review of Energy and the Environment" (vol. 28, 2003) Barbara Boyle Torrey, a member of the Population Reference Bureau's Board of Trustees and a writer/consultant, argues that extremely high urban growth rates are resulting in and will continue to create a range of negative environmental problems. Gordon McGranahan and David Satterthwaite suggest that there is little research about urban centers and their ability to provide sustainable development. ISSUE 3. Is Global Aging in the Developed World a Major Problem? YES: The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), from Meeting the Challenge of Global Aging: A Report to World Leaders from the CSIS Commission on Global Aging" (CSIS Press, 2002) NO: Phillip Longman, from "The Global Baby Bust," Foreign Affairs" (May/June 2004) The CSIS Report, "Meeting the Challenge of Global Aging: A Report to World Leaders from the CSIS Commission on Global Aging" suggest that the wide range of changes brought on by global aging pose significant challenges to the ability of countries to address problems associated with the elderly and to the national economy as a whole. Phillip Longman takes a more balanced perspective, suggesting that what he calls the coming "baby bust" will yield a variety of positive consequences as well as negative ones.PART 2. Global Resources and the Environment ISSUE 4. Do Environmentalists Overstate Their Case? YES: Ronald Bailey, from "Debunking Green Myths," Reason" (February 2002) NO: David Pimentel, from "Skeptical of the Skeptical Environmentalist," Skeptic" (vol. 9, no. 2, 2002) Environmental journalist Ronald Bailey argues that the natural environment is not in trouble, despite the arguments of many environmentalists that it is. He holds that the greatest danger facing the environment is not human activity but "ideological environmentalism, with its hostility to economic growth and technological progress." David Pimentel, a professor of insect ecology and agricultural sciences, argues that those who contend that the environment is not threatened are using data selectively and that the supply of basic resources to support human life is declining rapidly.ISSUE 5. Is Environmental Degradation Worsening? YES: United Nations Environment Programme, from Global Environment Outlook 2000" (Earthscan, 1999) NO: Peter Huber, from "Wealth Is Not the Enemy of the Environment," Vital Speeches of the Day" (April 1, 2000) The United Nations Environment Programme presents a comprehensive and gloomy assessment of the global environment at the turn of the millennium. Peter Huber, a senior fellow of the Manhattan Institute, contends that humankind is saving the Earth with the technologies that the "soft greens" most passionately oppose.ISSUE 6. Should the World Continue to Rely on Oil as a Major Source of Energy? YES: Hisham Khatib et al., from World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability" (United Nations Development Programme, 2000) NO: Lester R. Brown, from "Turning on Renewable Energy," Mother Earth News" (April/May 2004) Hisham Khatib, honorary vice chariman of the World Energy Council and a former Jordanian minister of energy and minister of planning, and his coauthors conclude that reserves of traditional commercial fuels, including oil, "will suffice for decades to come." Lester Brown, former head of the Worldwatch Institute, suggests in this adaptation from his Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble", that there is good news about the global shift to renewable energy.ISSUE 7. Will the World Be Able to Feed Itself in the Foreseeable Future? YES: Sylvie Brunel, from "Increasing Productive Capacity: A Global Imperative," in Action Against Hunger, The Geopolitics of Hunger, 2000-2001: Hunger and Power" (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001) NO: Lester R. Brown, from "Eradicating Hunger: A Growing Challenge," in Lester R. Brown et al., State of the World 2001" (W. W. Norton, 2001) Sylvie Brunel, former president of Action Against Hunger, argues that "there is no doubt that world food production... is enough to meet the needs of" all the world's peoples. Lester R. Brown, former president of the Worldwatch Institute, maintains that little, if any, progress is being made to eradicate pervasive global hunger, despite increases in food productivity. ISSUE 8. Is the Threat of Global Warming Real? YES: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, from "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis," A Report of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) NO: Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick, from Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming" (Key Porter Books, 2002) In the summary of its most recent assessment of climatic change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that an increasing set of observations reveals that the world is warming and that much of it is due to human intervention. Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick, Canadian university professors of applied mathematics and economics, respectively, attempt to prove wrong the popularly held assumption that scientists know what is happening with respect to climate and weather, and thus understand the phenomenon of global warming.ISSUE 9. Is the Threat of a Global Water Shortage Real? YES: Mark W. Rosegrant, Ximing Cai, and Sarah A. Cline, from "Global Water Outlook to 2025: Averting an Impending Crisis," A Report of the International Food Policy Research Institute and the International Water Management Institute (September 2002) NO: Bjorn Lomborg, from The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World" (Cambridge University Press, 2001) Rosegrant and colleagues conclude that if current water policies continue, farmers will find it difficult to grow sufficient food to meet the world's needs. Water is not only plentiful but also a renewable resource that, if properly treated as valuable, should not pose a future problem.PART 3. Expanding Global Forces and Movements ISSUE 10. Can the Global Community "Win" the Drug War? YES: Federico Mayor in collaboration with Jerome Binde, from "Winning the Fight Against Drugs: Education, Development and Purpose," The World Ahead: Our Future in the Making" (UNESCO, 2001) NO: Harry G. Levine, from "The Secret of Worldwide Drug Prohibition," The Independent Review" (Fall 2002) Mr. Mayor, former director-general of UNESCO, suggests that drug trafficking and consumption "constitute one of the most serious threats to our planet" and the world must dry up the demand and attack the financial power of organized crime. Harry G. Levine, professor of sociology at Queens College, City University of New York, argues that the emphasis on drug prohibition should be replaced by a focus on "harm reduction," creating mechanisms to address tolerance, regulation, and public health. ISSUE 11. Is Globalization a Positive Development for the World Community? YES: Timothy Taylor, from "The Truth About Globalisation," Public Interest" (Spring 2002) NO: Jose Bove, from "Globalisation's Misguided Assumptions," The OECD Observer" (September 2001) Mr. Taylor argues that globalization is not the boogeyman that some scholars and politicos contend but rather a complex array of economic trends that provides positive results for the vast majority of people. Mr. Bove contends that globalization and the capitalist principles that underlie it are misleading and create inequalities and myths regarding progress and wealth creation that are not supported by an analysis of the facts.ISSUE 12. Will the Digital/Computer World Pose a Threat to Our Individual Privacy? YES: Jerry Kang, from "Cyberspace Privacy: A Primer and Proposal," Human Rights" (Winter 1999) NO: Renata Salecl, from "The Exposure of Privacy in Today's Culture," Social Research" (Spring 2002) Professor of law Jerry Kang argues that privacy, which is fundamental to the concept of freedom, is severely threatened by the current love of cyberspace. He suggests that the U.S. Congress and, by extension, individual states should take action to ensure individual privacy in cyberspace. Senior researcher Renata Salecl contends that modern technology does not hinder freedom and privacy but rather enhances what is only a modern concept. ISSUE 13. Is the World a Victim of American Cultural Imperialism? YES: Julia Galeota, from "Cultural Imperialism: An American Tradition," The Humanist" (May/June 2004) NO: Philippe Legrain, from "In Defense of Globalization," The International Economy" (Summer 2003) Julia Galeota, the seventeen-year-old winner of the 2004 Humanist Essay Contest, contends that American cultural imperialism is a reality promoted by commercial images presented through the media and the selling of American products across the globe. Philippe Legrain is a British economist who presents two views of cultural imperialism and argues that the notion of American cultural imperialism "is a myth" and that the spreading of cultures through globalization is a positive, not negative, development. ISSUE 14. Do International Financial Institutions and Multinational Corporations Exploit the Developing World? YES: Joseph E. Stiglitz, from "Globalism's Discontents," The American Prospect" (Winter 2002) NO: Jagdish Bhagwati, from "Do Multinational Corporations Hurt Poor Countries?" The American Enterprise" (June 2004) Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz argues that when international financial institutions (IFIs) such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and multinational corporations (MNCs) dictate terms of economic exchange for the rest of the world, exploitation occurs. He believes that states must negotiate tough terms that protect their national interests if they are to avoid such exploitation. Economist Jagdish Bhagwati contends that the evidence supports the contention that multinational corporations do more good than harm in the third world and that critics are misguided and overly emotional in their condemnations. ISSUE 15. Is the Transnational Media Hurting Global Society? YES: Herbert I. Schiller, from "Transnational Media: Creating Consumers Worldwide," Journal of International Affairs" (Summer 1993) NO: Benjamin Compaine, from "Global Media," Foreign Policy" (November/December 2002) Herbert Schiller argues that the globalization of media places image-building and information in the hands of private entities whose interest is not educative or informational but rather designed to create a worldwide consumer society. Benjamin Compaine contends that the image of a global media colossus is overblown and that large private media conglomerates may be a good thing for the public interest as a whole.PART 4. The New Global Security Dilemma ISSUE 16. Are We Headed Toward a Nuclear 9/11? YES: Graham Allison and Andrei Kokoshin, from "The New Containment: An Alliance Against Nuclear Terrorism," The National Interest" (Fall 2002) NO: Jessica Stern, from "A Rational Response to Dirty Bombs," Financial Times" (June 11, 2002) Graham Allison and Andrei Kokoshin contend that a U.S.-Russian alliance against terrorism is needed before terrorists acquire nuclear weapons and "launch." They surmise that nuclear terrorism will occur in just a matter of time if these two nuclear powers do not act quickly. Jessica Stern, a lecturer in public policy, argues that Americans are in danger of overestimating terrorist capabilities and thus creating a graver threat than actually exists. She warns that the United States must not overreact in its policy response and that prudent security measures will greatly reduce such threats now and in the future. ISSUE 17. Is Preemption a Viable Policy Option in Today's Global Security Environment? YES: Endy Zemenides, from "The Doctrine of Preemeption: Precedents and Problems," The Officer" (April 2004) NO: Neta C. Crawford, from "The Slippery Slope to Preventive War," Ethics and International Affairs" (2003) Endy Zemenides, a memeber of the National Strategy Forum Review Editorial Board, writes that international laws against preemption are too strict and ignore the nature of self-defense in today's security world. He contends that such a policy, while tricky, must be part of the optional arsenal of U.S. foreign policy. Neta Crawford, a professor of international affairs at Brown University, contends that preemption is a faulty policy because it creates conflict where none existed and presupposes a level of certainty that no government can adhere to.ISSUE 18. Are Civil Liberties Being Compromised in the War Against Terrorism? YES: David Cole, from "An Ounce of Detention," The American Prospect" (September 2003) NO: Kim R. Holmes and Edwin Meese III, from "The Administration's Anti-Terrorism Package: Balancing Security and Liberty," The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder" (October 3, 2001) David Cole, writing for The American Prospect", argues that the Bush administration has restricted civil liberties and begun a process of detention and isolation all in the name of security. Cole contends that these policies are an anathema to the rule of law and hurt our conflict with terrorism, not aid it. Kim R. Holmes, of the Heritage Foundation, and Edwin Meese III, Ronald Reagan Distinguished Fellow in Public Policy at the Heritage Foundation, argue that the Bush administration's approach to fighting terrorism, including the Patriot Act, strikes the proper balance between liberty and security.ISSUE 19. Are Cultural and Ethnic Rivalries the Defining Dimensions of Twenty-First Century Conflict? YES: Samuel P. Huntington, from "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs" (Summer 1993) NO: Amartya Sen, from "A World Not Neatly Divided," The New York Times" (November 23, 2001) Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington argues that the emerging conflicts of the twenty-first century will be cultural and not ideological. He identifies the key fault lines of conflict and discusses how these conflicts will reshape global policy. Amartya Sen, a Nobel Prize-winning economist, responds that categorizing people into neat cultural containers is artificial and not indicative of the reality of the human experience. He contends that such divisions do not mirror the real world but rather promote division and conflicts not explain them.
