HVAC EQUATIONS, DATA, AND RULES OF THUMB

'Grab this book...it's filled with valuable equations that most HVAC personnel use on a daily basis' - Bob Rosaler, author of "HVAC Handbook". 'I especially like the organizational structure...it's very easy to find all those minute details that often mean the difference between an average design and an excellent one' - David Meredith, Chairman, Building Environmental Systems Technology, Penn State University. 'Extremely comprehensive and useful...contains important related data dealing with codes, electrical equipment, and architectural considerations' - Ross Collard, P.E.Instant HVAC Answers. Arthur Bell's handy and well-organized guide is the most complete, most job-critical reference book on the most frequently used HVAC design data. If you're involved in HVAC - whether as a technician repairing a system, an architect working around a system, or a design engineer designing a new system - you can trust this one-of-a-kind source for fast solutions to specific problems.Look inside for: equations - more than 216 equations for everything from air change rates to swimming pools to steel pipes; data - definitions, professional societies and organizations, energy conservation conditions, auxiliary equipment, air and water properties, ASME and ASHRAE code specs, designer's checklists, and more; rules of thumb - 358 in all, covering cooling loads, heating loads, infiltration, ventilation, humifidication, people/occupancy, lighting, appliance/equipment, and more. Written by a veteran HVAC designer, and following the CSI MasterFormat , "HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb" is a must for mechanical, architectural, and electrical engineers, HVAC contractors and technicians, and others. On the job, in the office, or behind the drawing table, this time-saving, task-simplifying working tool is the one you'll rely on - and value - every day, for projects large and small.

Table of Contents:
Part 1
Forward Part 2
References and Design Manuals References and Design Manuals Building Codes Part 3
Definitions General Systems Contract Documents Contractors/Manufacturers/Authorities Part 4
Professional Societies and Trade Organizations Part 5
Equations Cooling and Heating Equations R-Values/U-Values Water System Equations Air Change Rate Equations Mixed Air Temperature Ductwork Equations Fan Laws Pump Laws Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) Calculations Air Conditioning Condensate Humidification Humidifier Sensible Heat Gani Expansion Tanks Air Balance Equations Efficiencies Cooling Towers and Heat Exchangers Moisture Condensation on Glass Electricity Calculating Heating Loads for Loading Docks Ventilation of Mechanical Rooms with Refrigeration Equipment Equations for Flat Oval Ductwork Pipe Expansion Equations Steam and Condensate Equations Steam and Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations Psychometric Equations Swimming Pools Domestic Water Heater Sizing Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Pump/Supply Sizing Relief Valve Vent Line Maximum Length Relief Valve Sizing Steep Pipe Equations English/Metric Cooling and Heating Equations Comparison Cooling Tower Equations Motor Drive Formulas Part 6
Cooling Load Rules of Thumb Offices, Commercial Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices Precision Manufacturing Computer Rooms Restaurants Kitchens (Depends Primarily on Kitchen Equipment) Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms Buildings with/100% OA Systems Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices Residential Apartments (Eff., 1 Room, 2 Room) Motel and Hotel Public Spaces Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories School Classrooms Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes Libraries, Museums Retail, Department Stores Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops Supermarkets Malls, Shopping Centers Jails Auditoriums, Theaters Churches Bowling Alleys All Spaces Cooling Load Calcluation Procedure Cooling Load Peak Time Estimate Part 7
Heating Load Rules of Thumb All Builidngs and Spaces Buildings with 100% OA Systems Buildings with Ample Insulation, Few Windows Buildings with Limited Insulation, Many Windows Walls Below Grade (Heat Loss at Outside Air Design Condition) Floors Below Grade (Heat Loss at Outside Air Deisgn Condition) Heating System Selection Guidelines Heating Load Calculation Procedure Part 8
Infiltration Rules of Thumb Heating Infiltration (15 mph wind) Cooling Infiltration (7.5 mph wind) No Infiltration Losses or Gains for Rooms Below Grade or Interior Spaces Buildings Which Are Not Humidified Have No Latent Infiltration Heating Load Winter Sensible Infiltration Loads Will Generally Be 1/2 to 3 Times the Conduction Heat Losses (Avg. 1.0-2.0 Times) Part 9
Ventilation Rules of Thumb Outdoor Air Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) - ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 Effects of Carbon Monoxide Toilet Rooms Electrical Rooms Combustion Air Hazardous Locations Part 10
Humidification Rules of Thumb Window Types and Space Humidity Values Proper Vapor Barriers Human Comfort Electrical Equipment, Computers Winter Design Relative Humdities Energy Code Winter Design Relative Humidities Optimum Relative Humidity Ranges for Health Moisture Condensation on Glass Part 11
People/Occupancy Rules of Thumb Offices, Commercial Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices Precision Manufacturing Computer Rooms Restaurants Kitchens (Depends Primarily on Kitchen Equipment) Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms Buildings with/100% OA Systems Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices Residential Apartments (Eff., 1 Room, 2 Room) Motel and Hotel Public Spaces Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories School Classrooms Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes Libraries, Museums Retail, Department Stores Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops Supermarkets Malls, Shopping Centers Jails Auditoriums, Theaters Churches Bowling Alleys Part 12
Lighting Rules of Thumb Offices, Commercial Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices Precision Manufacturing Computer Rooms Restaurants Kitchens (Depends Primarily on Kitchen Equipment) Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms Buildings with/100% OA Systems Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices Residential Apartments (Eff., 1 Room, 2 Room) Motel and Hotel Public Spaces Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories School Classrooms Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes Libraries, Museums Retail, Department Stores Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops Supermarkets Malls, Shopping Centers Jails Auditoriums, Theaters Churches Bowling Alleys Part 13
Appliance/Equipment Rules of Thumb Offices and Commercial Spaces Computer Rooms Telecommunication Rooms Electrical Equipment Heat Gain Motor Heat Gain Miscellaneous Guidelines Part 14
Cooling Load Factors Diversity Factors Safety Factors Cooling Load Factors ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 Part 15
Heating Load Factors Safety Factors Heating Load Credits Heating System Selection Guidelines ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 Part 16
Energy Conservation and Design Conditions The 1989 CABO Model Energy Code ASHRAE Standard 90A-1980, Energy Conservation in New Building Design ASHRAE Standard 90A-a-1987, Energy Conservation in New Building Design ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989, Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings Fuel Conversion Factors Part 17
HVAC System Selection Criteria HVAC System Selection Criteria Heating System Selection Guidelines Part 18
Air Distribution Systems Ductwork Systems Duct Construction Kitchen Exhaust Ducts and Hoods Louvers Volume Dampers Fire Dampers Smoke Dampers Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers Smoke Detectors Sound Attenuators Terminal Units Process Exhaust Systems Part 19
Piping Systems Water (Hydronic) Piping Systems Steam Piping Systems Refrigerant Systems and Piping Glycol Solution Systems Air Conditioning (AC) Condensate Piping Valves Expansion Loops Strainers Expansion Tanks and Air Separators Galvanic Action Piping System Installation Hierarchy (Easiest to Hardest to Install) ASME B31 Piping Code Comparison Part 20
Central Plant Equipment Air Handling Units, Air Conditioning Units, Heat Pumps Coils Filters Chillers Cooling Towers (CTs) Air Cooled Condensers and Condensing Units (ACCs and ACCUs) Evaporative Condensers and Condensing Units (ECs and ECUs) Installation of CTs, ACCs, ACCUs, ECs, and ECUs Heat Exchangers Boilers, General Hot Water Boilers Steam Boilers Makeup Water Requirements Water Treatment and Chemical Feed Systems Fuel Systems and Types Automatic Controls Part 21
Auxilliary Equipment Fans Pumps Motors Starters, Disconnect Switches, and Motor Control Centers Adjustable (Variable) Frequency Drives (AFDs and VFDs) NEMA Enclosures Humdifiers Insulation Firestopping and Through-Penetration Protection Systems Part 22
Equipment Schedules General Air Balance Schedule Air Compressors Air Cooled Condensers Air Colled Condensing Units Air Conditioning Units Air Filters (Pre-Filters, Final-Filters) Air Handling Units - Custom, Factory Assembled, Factory Packaged, or Field Fabricated Air Handling Units - Packaged Boilers, Hot Water Boilers, Steam Cabinet Unit Heaters Chemical Feed Systems Chillers, Absorption Chillers, Air Cooled Chillers, Water Cooled Coils, Direct Expansion (DX) Coils, Electric Coils, Steam Coils, Water Condensate Pump and Receiver Sets Convectors Cooling Towers Deaerators Design Conditions Electric Baseboard Radiation Electric Radiant Heaters Evaporative Condensers Expansion Tanks Fans Fan Coil Units Finned Tube Radiation Flash Tanks Fluid Coolers/Closed Circuit Evaporative Coolers Fuel Oil Tanks Gas Pressure Regulators Gravity Ventilators Heat Exchangers, Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube, Steam to Water (Converter) Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube, Water to Water Heat Pumps, Air Source Heat Pumps, Water Source Humidifiers Motor Control Centers Packaged Terminal AC Systems Pumps Radiant Heaters Steam Pressure Reducing Valves Steam Pressure Relief Valve Sound Attenuators (Duct Silencers) Terminal Units, Constant Volume Reheat Terminal Units, Dual Duct Mixing Box Terminal Units, Fan Powered Terminal Units, Variable Air Volume (VAV) Unit Heaters Water Softeners Part 23
Equipment Manufacturers Central Plant Equipment Air System Equipment and Specialties Water System Equipment and Specialties Steam System Equipment and Specialties Terminal Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment Part 24
Building Construction Business Fundamentals Engineering/Construction Contracts Building Construction Business Players Part 25
Architectural, Structural and Electrical Information Building Structural Systems Architectural and Structural Information Electrical Information Mechanical/Electrical Equipment Space Requirements Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Part 26
Conversion Factors Length Weight Area Volume Velocity Speed of Sound in Air Pressure Density Energy Flow HVAC Metric Conversions Part 27
Properties of Air and Water Properties of Air/Water Vapor Mixtures Properties of Air Properties of Water Glycol Systems Part 28
General Notes General Piping Plumbing HVAC/SHeet Metal Fire Protection<24> Appendix A - Ductwork Ductwork Systems Appendix B - Hydronic Piping Systems Hydronic Piping Systems Glycol Systems Air Conditioning (AC) Condensate Piping Appendix C - Steam Piping Systems Steam Systems Steam Condensate Systems Appendix D - Pipe Materials, Expansion and Support Pipe Properties Pipe Expansion Pipe Support Appendix E - Space Requirements Space Requirements Appendix F - Miscellaneous Airborne Contaminators Miscellaneous Appendix G - Designer's Checklist Boilers, Chillers, Cooling Towers, Heat Exchangers, and Other Central Plant Equipment Air Handling Equipment - Makeup, Recirculation, and General Air Handling Equipment Piping Systems - General Steam and Condensate Piping Low Temperature Hot Water and Dual Temperature Systems Chilled Water and Condenser Water Systems Air Systems Process Exhaust Systems Refrigeration Controls Sanitary and Storm Water Systems Domestic Water Systems Fire Protection Natural Gas Systems Fuel Oil Systems Laboratory and Medical Gas Systems General Architect and/or Owner Coordination Structural Engineer Coordination Electrical Engineer Coordination

About the Author :
Arthur A. Bell, Jr., is a registered professional engineer with more than 18 years' experience designing HVAC systems. Mr. Bell has also been involved in the design of plumbing systems, fire protection systems, and construction field engineering-mechanical systems. He has taught ASHRAE HVAC classes, as well as contractor training courses. A member of ASHRAE, ASPE, NFPA, AEI, and NSPE, he is a resident of Monaca, Pennsylvania.