3D Interconnect Architectures for Heterogeneous Technologies: Modeling and Optimization

This book describes the first comprehensive approach to the optimization of interconnect architectures in 3D systems on chips (SoCs), specially addressing the challenges and opportunities arising from heterogeneous integration. Readers learn about the physical implications of using heterogeneous 3D technologies for SoC integration, while also learning to maximize the 3D-technology gains, through a physical-effect-aware architecture design. The book provides a deep theoretical background covering all abstraction-levels needed to research and architect tomorrow’s 3D-integrated circuits, an extensive set of optimization methods (for power, performance, area, and yield), as well as an open-source optimization and simulation framework for fast exploration of novel designs.

Table of Contents:
Part I Introduction.- 1 Introduction to 3D Technologies.- 1.1 Motivation for Heterogenous 3D ICs.- 1.2 3D Technologies.- 1.3 TSV Capacitances—A Problem Resistant to Scaling.- 1.4 Conclusion.- 2 Interconnect Architectures for 3D Technologies.- 2.1 Interconnect Architectures.- 2.2 Overview of Interconnect Architectures for 3D ICs.- 2.3 Three-dimensional Networks on chips.- 2.4 Conclusion.- Part II 3D Technology Modeling.- 3 Power and Performance Formulas.- 3.1 High-Level Formula for the Power Consumption.- 3.2 High-Level Formula for the Propagation Delay.- 3.3 Matrix Formulations.- 3.4 Evaluation.- 3.5 Conclusion.- 4 Capacitance Estimation.- 4.1 Existing Capacitance Models.- 4.2 Edge and MOS Effects on the TSV Capacitances.- 4.3 TSV Capacitance Model.- 4.4 Evaluation.- 4.5 Conclusion.- Part III System Modeling.- xiii.- xiv Contents.- 5 Application and Simulation Models.- 5.1 Overview of the Modeling Approach.- 5.2 Application Traffic Model.- 5.3 Simulation Model of 3D NoCs.- 5.4 Simulator Interfaces.- 5.5 Conclusion.- 6 Bit-level Statistics.- 6.1 Existing Approaches to Estimate the Bit-Level Statistics for.- Single Data Streams.- 6.2 Data-Stream Multiplexing.- 6.3 Bit-Level Statistics with Data-Stream Multiplexing.- 6.4 Evaluation.- 6.5 Conclusion.- 7 Ratatoskr Framework.- 7.1 Ratatoskr for Practitioners.- 7.2 Implementation.- 7.3 Evaluation.- 7.4 Case Study: Link Power Estimation and Optimization.- 7.5 Conclusion.- Part IV 3D-Interconnect Optimization.- 8 Low-Power Technique for 3D Interconnects.- 8.1 Fundamental Idea.- 8.2 Power-Optimal TSV assignment.- 8.3 Systematic Net-to-TSV Assignments.- 8.4 Combination with Traditional Low-Power Codes.- 8.5 Evaluation.- 8.6 Conclusion.- 9 Low-Power Technique for High-Performance 3D.- Interconnects..- 9.1 Edge-Effect-Aware Crosstalk Classification.- 9.2 Existing Approaches and Their Limitations.- 9.3 Proposed Technique.- 9.4 Extension to a Low-Power3D CAC.- 9.5 Evaluation.- 9.6 Conclusion.- 10 Low-Power Technique for High-Performance 3D.- Interconnects (Misaligned).- 10.1 Temporal-Misalignment Effect on the Crosstalk.- 10.2 Exploiting Misalignment to Improve the Performance.- 10.3 Effect on the TSV Power Consumption.- Contents xv.- 10.4 Evaluation.- 10.5 Conclusion.- 11 Low-Power Technique for Yield-Enhanced 3D Interconnects.- 11.1 Existing TSV Yield-Enhancement Techniques.- 11.2 Preliminaries—Logical Impact of TSV Faults.- 11.3 Fundamental Idea.- 11.4 Formal Problem Description.- 11.5 TSV Redundancy Schemes.- 11.6 Evaluation.- 11.7 Case Study.- 11.8 Conclusion.- Part V NoC Optimization for Heterogeneous 3D Integration.- 12 Heterogeneous Buffering for 3D NoCs251.- 12.1 Buffer Distributions and Depths.- 12.2 Routers with Optimized Buffer Distribution.- 12.3 Routers with Optimized Buffer Depths.- 12.4 Evaluation.- 12.5 Discussion.- 12.6 Conclusion.- 13 Heterogeneous Routing for 3D NoCs.- 13.1 Heterogeneity and Routing.- 13.2 Modeling Heterogeneous Technologies.- 13.3 Modeling Communication.- 13.4 Routing Limitations from Heterogeneity.- 13.5 Heterogeneous Routing Algorithms.- 13.6 Heterogeneous Router Architectures.- 13.7 Low-Power Routing in Heterogeneous 3D ICs.- 13.8 Evaluation.- 13.9 Discussion.- 13.10Conclusion.- 14 Heterogeneous Virtualisation for 3D NoCs.- 14.1 Problem Description.- 14.2 Heterogeneous Microarchitectures Exploiting Traffic Imbalance.- 14.3 Evaluation.- 14.4 Conclusion.- 15 Network Synthesis and SoC Floor Planning.- 15.1 Fundamental Idea.- 15.2 Modelling and Optimization.- 15.3 Mixed-Integer Linear Program.- 15.4 Heuristic Solution.- xvi Contents.- 15.5 Evaluation.- 15.6 Conclusion.- Part VI Finale.- 16 Conclusion.- 16.1 Putting it all together.- 16.2 Impact on Future Work.- A Appendix.- B Pseudo Codes.- C Method to Calculate the Depletion-Region Widths.- D Modeling Logical OR Relations.