The Moral Background: An Inquiry into the History of Business Ethics(Princeton Studies in Cultural Sociology)

About the Book

In recent years, many disciplines have become interested in the scientific study of morality. However, a conceptual framework for this work is still lacking. In The Moral Background, Gabriel Abend develops just such a framework and uses it to investigate the history of business ethics in the United States from the 1850s to the 1930s. According to Abend, morality consists of three levels: moral and immoral behavior, or the behavioral level; moral understandings and norms, or the normative level; and the moral background, which includes what moral concepts exist in a society, what moral methods can be used, what reasons can be given, and what objects can be morally evaluated at all. This background underlies the behavioral and normative levels; it supports, facilitates, and enables them. Through this perspective, Abend historically examines the work of numerous business ethicists and organizations--such as Protestant ministers, business associations, and business schools--and identifies two types of moral background. "Standards of Practice" is characterized by its scientific worldview, moral relativism, and emphasis on individuals' actions and decisions.The "Christian Merchant" type is characterized by its Christian worldview, moral objectivism, and conception of a person's life as a unity. The Moral Background offers both an original account of the history of business ethics and a novel framework for understanding and investigating morality in general.

Table of Contents:
Introduction 1 1. Moral Causes 1 2. Business Ethicists 5 3. History, Morals, and Markets 10 4. The Arguments 15 5. The Plan 20 Chapter 1. The Moral Background 28 1.1. Morality as an Object of Inquiry 28 1.2. What the Background Comprises 33 1.3. What Makes the Background a Background 52 1.4. Background Theorists 56 1.5. What the Background Is For 66 Chapter 2. Ethics as a Business Proposition 71 2.1. Glaucon's Challenge 71 2.2. Today's Business Ethicists 76 2.3. The Business Case 79 2.4. Do the Right Thing 84 2.5. Policy and Self-Interest 88 2.6. Yesterday's Business Ethicists 95 2.7. Balance Sheets 99 2.8. He Profits Most Who Serves Best 106 Chapter 3. Christian Motives 115 3.1. Enlightened Scots 115 3.2. Springs of Action 120 3.3. Machiavellian Appearances 126 3.4. Compromises 132 3.5. Duties and Motives 142 3.6. The Religion of the Heart 148 3.7. One Question Too Many 156 Chapter 4. The Good of American Business 161 4.1. The Pesky Calf 161 4.2. The Chamber 165 4.3. Government Will 174 4.4. The Principles of Business Conduct 183 4.5. Codes of Ethics 190 4.6. American Business 195 4.7. The Uses of Ethics 202 Appendix 205 Chapter 5. The Good of American Society 207 5.1. Inculcating Ethics 207 5.2. Business Schools 210 5.3. The Intellectual and the Ethical Arguments 224 5.4. Ethics at Work 234 5.5. The Good of America 249 Chapter 6. Standards of Practice 260 6.1. Types 260 6.2. The Science of Ethics 264 6.3. Science and Ethics at the Business School 276 6.4. Cases 282 6.5. Metaethics 290 6.6. Service and the Golden Rule 299 Chapter 7. The Christian Merchant 306 7.1. Moral Exemplars 306 7.2. Mammon 310 7.3. Ambivalence 316 7.4. Metaphysics 326 7.5. Stewardship 332 7.6. Stewardship Metaphysics 341 7.7. Spheres 347 Conclusion 357 1. Business Is Business 357 2. Back to the Background 364 3. The Science of Morality 372 4. Whither the Science of Morality? 379 Acknowledgments 387 Index 389

About the Author :

Gabriel Abend is assistant professor of sociology at New York University.

Review :
Co-Winner of the 2016 Viviana Zelizer Award for Best Book, Economic Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association Co-Winner of the 2015 Outstanding Published Book Award, Altruism, Morality and Social Solidarity Section of the American Sociological Association Honorable Mention for the 2015 Mary Douglas Prize for Best Book, Sociology of Culture Section of the American Sociological Association "The most incisive and theoretically sophisticated entry into the 'new sociology of morality' movement that has consolidated in recent years."--Omar Lizardo, Contemporary Sociology "The Moral Background is an ambitious, deeply researched, and engaging book... Abend's account is both thorough and broad, and the erudition he displays is astounding... [A] masterful book."--Simone Polillo, Social Forces "Abend combines history, philosophy, and social science to suggest a comprehensive base for understanding moral behavior. While the book's focus is on business ethics, the insights presented have many applications."--Choice "[A] stimulating book, essential to understand the place of the business world ... in the moral landscape of America today, but also ... to grasp the contemporary trends in corporate social responsibility."--Michel Anteby, Sociologie du Travail "This is an enormously ambitious book packed with history, ethics, and philosophy of science as well as sociology. It is more historical than much history of philosophy and takes business ethics more seriously than most ethicists do. It is an important contribution to creating a field in which researchers in a variety of traditions mutually inform each other about morality."--Dale Jamieson, European Journal of Sociology "The Moral Background discerns and details moral patterns in the echo chamber where business protagonists talk, mostly to each other, about ethical motives, obligations, and opportunities. Abend has done a yeoman's job in excavating, analyzing, and systematizing the discursive surrounds of business ethics, pushing us all to think about who can and cannot be seen in the moral background."--Robin Wagner-Pacifici, European Journal of Sociology "Especially important among the virtues of Abend's research is his ability to work through a huge body of historical material ... and to find meaning in these disparate sources that point back to the 'moral backgrounds' from which they emanate. This is a truly gigantic task of intellectual integration, and Abend's book sets a high bar for future studies of the cultural meaning of intellectual, practical, and normative social realities."--Daniel Little, Understanding Society Blog "The Moral Background is an intriguing and useful book. Abend develops and promotes an analytical concept that contemporary sociology desperately needs. I think it will be influential as cultural sociology continues to seek the right balance between culture as a repertoire of skills and styles and culture as something deeper--something that shapes the thoughts we think and provides the menu for the kinds of people we can aspire to be."--Stephen Vaisey, European Journal of Sociology