Water Engineering: Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

Details the design and process of water supply systems, tracing the progression from source to sink Organized and logical flow, tracing the connections in the water-supply system from the water’s source to its eventual use Emphasized coverage of water supply infrastructure and the design of water treatment processes Inclusion of fundamentals and practical examples so as to connect theory with the realities of design Provision of useful reference for practicing engineers who require a more in-depth coverage, higher level students studying drinking water systems as well as students in preparation for the FE/PE examinations Inclusion of examples and homework questions in both SI and US units

Table of Contents:
Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Introduction to Water Systems 1 1.1 Components of Water Systems 2 1.2 Required Capacity 2 1.3 Sources of Water Supply 3 1.4 Rainwater 4 1.5 Surface Water 5 1.6 Groundwater 6 1.7 Purification Works 9 1.8 Transmission Works 12 1.9 Distribution Works 12 1.10 Water Systems Management 15 1.11 Individual Water Systems 17 Problems/Questions 18 References 19 2 Water Sources: Surface Water 21 2.1 Sources of Surface Water 21 2.2 Safe Yield of Streams 24 2.3 Storage as a Function of Draft and Runoff 24 2.4 Design Storage 25 2.5 Loss by Evaporation, Seepage, and Silting 27 2.6 Area and Volume of Reservoirs 31 2.7 Management of Catchment Areas 32 2.8 Reservoir Siting 33 2.9 Reservoir Management 33 2.10 Dams and Dikes 34 2.11 Spillways 36 2.12 Intakes 37 2.13 Diversion Works 38 2.14 Collection of Rainwater 39 Problems/Questions 41 References 42 3 Water Sources: Groundwater 45 3.1 Porosity and Effective Porosity 45 3.2 Permeability 47 3.3 Groundwater Geology 47 3.4 Groundwater Situation in The United States 48 3.5 Types of Aquifers 48 3.6 Groundwater Movement 49 3.7 Darcy's Law 49 3.8 Aquifer Characteristics 50 3.9 Well Hydraulics 52 3.10 Nonsteady Radial Flow 52 3.11 Prediction of Drawdown 60 3.12 Multiple-Well Systems 63 3.13 Aquifer Boundaries 67 3.14 Characteristics of Wells 70 3.15 Yield of a Well 71 3.16 Well Design 73 3.17 Well Construction 74 3.18 Evaluation of Aquifer Behavior 77 3.19 Groundwater Quality Management 78 3.20 Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water 79 Problems/Questions 84 References 85 4 Quantities of Water Demand 87 4.1 Design Period 87 4.2 Design Population 88 4.3 Water Consumption 92 4.4 Variations or Patterns of Water Demand 96 4.5 Demand and Drainage Loads of Buildings 104 Problems/Questions 106 References 106 5 Water Hydraulics, Transmission, and Appurtenances 109 5.1 Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, and Water Transmission 109 5.2 Fluid Transport 121 5.3 Capacity and Size of Conduits 152 5.4 Multiple Lines 154 5.5 Cross-Sections 155 5.6 Structural Requirements 155 5.7 Location 156 5.8 Materials of Construction 159 5.9 Appurtenances 160 5.10 Additional Hydraulics Topics 164 Problems/Questions 172 References 178 6 Water Distribution Systems: Components, Design, and Operation 181 6.1 Distribution Systems 181 6.2 System Components 183 6.3 System Capacity 185 6.4 System Pressure 185 6.5 Field Performance of Existing Systems 186 6.6 Office Studies of Pipe Networks 187 6.7 Industrial Water Systems 197 6.8 Management, Operation, and Maintenance of Distribution Systems 197 6.9 Practical Design and Analysis of Water Distribution Systems 202 Problems/Questions 205 References 210 7 Water Distribution Systems: Modeling and Computer Applications 213 7.1 Watergems Software 213 7.2 Water Demand Patterns 213 7.3 Energy Losses and Gains 214 7.4 Pipe Networks 215 7.5 Network Analysis 216 7.6 Water Quality Modeling 216 7.7 Automated Optimization 218 7.8 Practical Applications of Computer-Aided Water Supply System Analysis 232 Problems/Questions 233 References 240 8 Pumping, Storage, and Dual Water Systems 241 8.1 Pumps and Pumping Stations 241 8.2 Pump Characteristics 241 8.3 Service Storage 248 8.4 Location of Storage 251 8.5 Elevation of Storage 251 8.6 Types of Distributing Reservoirs 251 8.7 Dual Water Supply Systems 257 8.8 Raw Water Intake Structures and Raw Water Pumping Wells 260 Problems/Questions 262 References 266 9 Cross-Connection Control 267 9.1 Introduction 267 9.2 Public Health Significance of Cross-Connections 268 9.3 Theory of Backflow and Backsiphonage 276 9.4 Methods and Devices for the Prevention of Backflow and Backsiphonage 280 9.5 Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Preventer 285 9.6 Administration of a Cross-Connection Control Program 289 9.7 Pressure and Leakage Tests of Water Mains 291 Problems/Questions 293 References 295 10 Water Quality Characteristics and Drinking Water Standards 297 10.1 Objectives of Water-Quality Management 297 10.2 Natural Available Water Resources 297 10.3 Public Health Issues and Drinking Water Treatment 298 10.4 Physical Characteristics and Constituents 300 10.5 Chemical Characteristics and Constituents 301 10.6 Biological Characteristics and Constituents 307 10.7 Radiological Characteristics and Constituents 310 10.8 Drinking Water Quality Standards 311 10.9 Industrial Water Quality Standards 313 10.10 Bathing Waters 317 10.11 Fishing and Shellfish Waters 317 10.12 Irrigation Waters 319 10.13 Quality of Water from Various Sources 319 10.14 Good Quality Water 320 10.15 Self-Purification and Storage 320 10.16 Objectives of Water Examination 321 10.17 Methods of Examination 321 10.18 Standard Tests 322 10.19 Expression of Analytical Results 322 10.20 Tapping a Source of Water 322 Problems/Questions 323 References 323 11 Water Treatment Systems 325 11.1 Purpose of Water Treatment 325 11.2 Treatment of Raw Water 325 11.3 Unit Operations and Unit Processes 328 11.4 Gas Transfer 330 11.5 Ion Transfer 330 11.6 Solute Stabilization 333 11.7 Solids Transfer 333 11.8 Nutrient or Molecular Transfer and Interfacial Contact 338 11.9 Disinfection 339 11.10 Miscellaneous Operations/Processes 340 11.11 Coordination of Unit Operations/Processes 340 11.12 Selection of Water Treatment Technologies 341 11.13 Control of Turbidity, Color, and Biological Contamination 342 11.14 Organic Contaminant Removal 343 11.15 Inorganic Contaminant Removal and Control 345 11.16 Water Renovation 348 11.17 Treatment Kinetics 350 11.18 Monitoring Water Quality 351 11.19 Distribution to Customers 352 11.20 Glossary of Water Treatment Systems 352 Problems/Questions 359 References 360 12 Chemicals Feeding, Mixing, and Flocculation 363 12.1 Introduction 363 12.2 Handling, Storing, and Feeding Chemicals 363 12.3 Rapid Mixing 367 12.4 Rapid Mixing and Slow Flocculation 372 12.5 Flocculation 373 12.6 Mixing and Stirring Devices 373 12.7 Flocculator Performance 391 12.8 Costs 393 Problems/Questions 394 References 395 13 Aeration, Gas Transfer, and Oxidation 397 13.1 Sources of Gases in Water 397 13.2 Objectives of Gas Transfer 397 13.3 Absorption and Desorption of Gases 398 13.4 Rates of Gas Absorption and Desorption 400 13.5 Types of Aerators 402 13.6 Factors Governing Gas Transfer 405 13.7 Design of Gravity Aerators 405 13.8 Design of Fixed-Spray Aerators 406 13.9 Design of Movable-Spray Aerators 406 13.10 Design of Injection Aerators 407 13.11 Mechanical Aerators 408 13.12 Oxidation for Removal of Dissolved Iron and Manganese 408 13.13 Removal of Specific Gases 411 13.14 Removal of Odors and Tastes 414 Problems/Questions 414 References 415 14 Coagulation 417 14.1 Introduction 417 14.2 The Colloidal State 417 14.3 Colloidal Structure and Stability of Colloids 418 14.4 Destabilization of Colloids 421 14.5 Influencing Factors 423 14.6 Coagulants 425 14.7 Coagulation Control 432 Problems/Questions 435 Special Reference 436 References 436 15 Screening, Sedimentation, and Flotation 439 15.1 Treatment Objectives 439 15.2 Screening 439 15.3 Sedimentation 439 15.4 Types of Sedimentation 439 15.5 Settling Basins 447 15.6 Upflow Clarification 451 15.7 General Dimensions of Settling Tanks 455 15.8 Sludge Removal 456 15.9 Inlet Hydraulics 456 15.10 Outlet Hydraulics 459 15.11 Sedimentation Tank Loading, Detention, And Performance 459 15.12 Shallow Depth Settlers 462 15.13 Gravity Thickening of Sludge 464 15.14 Natural Flotation 467 15.15 Dissolved Air Flotation Process 468 Problems/Questions 480 References 482 16 Conventional Filtration 485 16.1 Granular Water Filters 485 16.2 Granular Wastewater Filters 487 16.3 Granular Filtering Materials 488 16.4 Preparation of Filter Sand 490 16.5 Hydraulics of Filtration 491 16.6 Hydraulics of Fluidized Beds--Filter Backwashing 494 16.7 Removal of Impurities 497 16.8 Kinetics of Filtration 497 16.9 Filter Design 498 16.10 Filter Appurtenances and Rate Control 505 16.11 Length of Filter Run 506 16.12 Filter Troubles 507 16.13 Plant Performance 508 Problems/Questions 509 References 510 17 Alternative and Membrane Filtration Technologies 513 17.1 Introduction of Filtration Technologies 513 17.2 Direct Filtration 514 17.3 Slow Sand Filtration 516 17.4 Package Plant Filtration 518 17.5 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration 524 17.6 Cartridge Filtration 526 17.7 Membrane Filtration 527 17.8 Selecting the Appropriate Filtration Treatment System 540 Problems/Questions 541 References 542 18 Disinfection and Disinfection By-products Control 545 18.1 Purpose of Disinfection 545 18.2 Pathogens, Disinfection, and Disinfectants 545 18.3 Disinfection by Heat 546 18.4 Disinfection by Ultraviolet Light 546 18.5 Disinfection by Chemicals 546 18.6 Theory of Chemical Disinfection 548 18.7 Kinetics of Chemical Disinfection 549 18.8 Disinfection by Ozone 554 18.9 Disinfection by Chlorine 556 18.10 Free Available Chlorine and Free Chlorination 556 18.11 Combined Available Chlorine and Chloramination 558 18.12 Breakpoint Reactions of Ammonia 559 18.13 Dechlorination 559 18.14 Disinfection by-Products 560 18.15 Chemical Technology of Disinfection 562 18.16 Operational Technology of Chlorination 562 18.17 Operational Technology of Sodium Hypochlorination 567 18.18 Operational Technology of Calcium Hypochlorination 570 18.19 Operational Technology of Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection 570 18.20 Operational Technology of Ozonation 571 18.21 Operational Technology of UV Disinfection 574 18.22 Recent Developments in Disinfection Management--Log Removal/Inactivation Credits of Drinking Water Treatment Processes 582 Problems/Questons 589 References 591 19 Chemical Precipitation and Water Softening 593 19.1 Chemical Precipitation 593 19.2 Description of Precipitation Process 593 19.3 Applicability 596 19.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 596 19.5 Design Criteria 596 19.6 Performance--Jar Testing 597 19.7 Operation and Maintenance 597 19.8 Costs 598 19.9 Precipitation of Hardness and Carbonates--Water Softening 598 19.10 Recarbonation After Water Softening 602 19.11 Recovering Lime After Water Softening 602 Problems/Questions 603 References 603 20 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 605 20.1 Adsorption Processes 605 20.2 Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibria 605 20.3 Characteristics of Adsorbents 608 20.4 Adsorption of Odors and Tastes 610 20.5 Pilot Carbon Column Tests 612 20.6 Breakthrough Curve 613 20.7 Process Technology 614 20.8 Ion Exchange 624 20.9 Ion Exchangers 626 20.10 The Ion Exchange Process 628 20.11 Ion Selectivity 630 20.12 Kinetics of Ion Exchange 631 20.13 Ion Exchange Technology 632 20.14 Water Softening by Ion Exchange 633 20.15 Demineralization 634 20.16 Concentration of Ions 635 20.17 Ion Exchange Membranes and Dialysis 635 20.18 Modular Treatment Units for Removal of Radionuclides 636 20.19 Case Study I: Nitrate Removal: McFarland, CA 636 20.20 Case Study II: Fluoride Removal in Gila Bend, AZ 637 Problems/Questions 637 References 639 21 Chemical Stabilization and Control of Corrosion and Biofilms 641 21.1 Chemical Stabilization 641 21.2 Corrosion 643 21.3 The Corrosion Reaction 644 21.4 Control of Corrosion 648 21.5 Lead and Copper Corrosion 650 21.6 Lead Corrosion Control 651 21.7 Biofilm Control 655 Problems/Questions 659 References 660 22 Residues Management, Safety, and Emergency Response 661 22.1 Management of Residues 661 22.2 Types of Residuals 662 22.3 Applicable Regulations 663 22.4 Residual Solids Treatment 663 22.5 Residuals Disposal 664 22.6 Selection of Management Plans 666 22.7 Safety and Accident Prevention 670 22.8 Emergency Response Plan 673 22.9 Actions Prior to Developing an ERP 674 22.10 Emergency Response Plan Core Elements 675 22.11 Putting the ERP Together and ERP Activation 677 22.12 Action Plans 678 22.13 Next Steps 681 Problems/Questions 681 References 682 23 Prevention through Design and System Safety 683 23.1 Introduction to System Safety 683 23.2 Nature and Magnitude of Safety and Health Problems 685 23.3 Risk Assessment Matrix 687 23.4 Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 693 23.5 Engineering and Design for Safe Construction 698 23.6 Construction Safety and Health Management 703 23.7 Requirements for Safety in Construction Projects 706 23.8 Occupational Diseases 710 23.9 Ergonomics 714 Problems/Questions 715 References 716 24 Engineering Projects Management 717 24.1 Role of Engineers 717 24.2 Steps in Project Development 717 24.3 The Engineering Report 718 24.4 Feasibility Studies 719 24.5 Alternatives 719 24.6 Plans and Specifications 720 24.7 Sources of Information 720 24.8 Standards 720 24.9 Design Specifications 721 24.10 Project Construction 721 24.11 Project Financing 723 24.12 Methods of Borrowing 725 24.13 Rate Making 725 24.14 Systems Management 726 Problems/Questions 727 References 727 Appendixes 729 Index 797

About the Author :
NAZIH K. SHAMMAS is currently a consultant, book editor and author. He has been an environmental expert, researcher, professor, and consultant for more than 40 years. He was Dean and Director at the Lenox Institute of Water Technology and consultant to Krofta Engineering Corporation as well as the recipient of a Block Grant from the University of Michigan, First Award for best thesis of the year from the Sigma Xi Society, Commendation from ABET, and the GCC Prize for Best Environmental Work. Dr Shammas is included for more than 20 years in 5 of the Who's Who Publications. He is the author of over 250 publications and 20 environmental engineering books. LAWRENCE K. WANG is currently a consultant to industries, municipalities, and the US Federal and local governments. He has been a facility manager, design engineer, inventor, professor, and book editor for more than 45 years. He was acting president of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology and Engineering Director of Krofta Engineering Corporation, as well as a recipient of the 5-Star Innovative Engineering Award, the NYWEA Kenneth Research Award, and the Korean WPCA Engineering Award. Dr Wang is an inventor of 29 US and foreign patents, and an author of 700+ scientific papers and 40+ engineering books. He is listed in the Who's Who in America and Who's Who of the World.